Investigating Glue Essay Example for Free

Exploring Glue Essay Title To reuse the awful protein food by duplicating paste Point Have you even tossed some food since it turns out to be awful? Do you think it truly squander cash? Would you like to cause them to become valuable once more? On the off chance that you do, our investigation will tell you the best way to do and every little thing about it. Mechanical assembly: Radiator, estimating chamber à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½2(250ml50ml), pH paper,beaker㠯⠿â ½2(300ml500ml),glass pole, spoon Concoction: skim milk, vinegar Theoretical The staying properties of various proteins in every day food are being explored in our examination. Casein in dairy items and finished soy protein (TSP) in soybean items are preoccupied out by precipitation in corrosive. The examples are then killed via carbonate and experience a progression of stress tests to look at the quality of our replicated protein pastes with business items. The essential rule of the staying properties of protein pastes is the ionic attractions and the Van der Walls alluring power created by the protein atoms. Protein atoms are profoundly collapsed, bringing about an extraordinary contact surface region and introduction of the hydrophobic bonds. At the point when two surfaces of substances like wood or paper are held together by protein, linkages are framed in the middle of the atoms, and the two surfaces are remain together and are hard to isolate. We expect the outcome the casein in milk and finished soy protein in soybean milk have similar staying quality as starch contained in business stick. The critical bit of leeway of the creation of our protein pastes is that proteins in terminated food can be reused and reused to make the helpful paste. The paste delivered is likewise not poisonous or destructive to the earth. Presentation 1)The history of paste The soonest proof of utilization of paste can in any case be seen in the cavern works of art made by Neanderthal precursors in Lascaux, France. These early craftsmen needed their work to last and blended paste in with the paint they used to enable the hues to oppose the dampness of the cavern dividers. Egyptian antiquities uncovered in their burial places show numerous employments of pastes; maybe the most striking are the facade and trims in wood furniture, which was made utilizing paste as ahead of schedule as 3,000 B.C. The Egyptians additionally utilized paste to create papyrus. Greek and Roman craftsmen utilized pastes broadly; mosaic floors and tiled dividers and showers are as yet unblemished following a huge number of years. Around 1750, the principal paste or cement patent was given in Britain. The paste was produced using fish. Licenses were then quickly gave for glues utilizing regular elastic, creature bones, fish, starch, milk protein or casein. As should be obvious from antiquated and medieval records, fish stick was both a typical and significant glue for some, exceptional applications; adjusted by craftsmen, it was utilized from the hour of old Egypt to twentieth-century France, in painting media, coatings and grounds, in the plating of enlightened compositions, and in pastel fixatives. 2)Theory of milk stick Casein is the central protein found in bovine milk (about 3%) from which it has been removed monetarily for a large portion of the twentieth century. It is answerable for the white, obscure appearance of milk in which it is joined with calcium and phosphorus as bunches of casein particles, called micelles. The significant employments of casein until the 1960s were in specialized, non-food applications, for example, glues for wood, in paper covering, calfskin completing and in engineered strands, just as plastics for catches, clasps and so on. The initial phase in making corrosive encouraged casein is fermentation. Mineral acids or natural acids can add to the skim milk; or the milk is permitted to sharp, in which case lactic corrosive, delivered by aging of lactose, is the powerful precipitant. The hastened curd is then depleted, washed, press to expel water, processed, drill, and ground. Arrangements of casein in soluble bases (with enough of the protein to give an appropriate consistency) can be utilized as paste. Such paste contrasts well in quality and creature stick on drying the protein shapes various hydrogen bonds with the cellulose in paper and with itself, so it can stick woods together, yet it isn't water-safe. Protection from water can be granted to casein stick, be that as it may, by changing the straightforward equation of casein in salt; these improved casein pastes are broadly valuable in industry. Arranged casein pastes are sold as dry blends, which need just the expansion of water before use. They are regularly made out of casein, lime, and various basic salts. Different synthetic substances have been utilized to improve the protection from water, and numerous colloidal materials with cement properties can be blended in with casein to change the properties of the subsequent pastes. It has in this way been conceivable to adjust casein pastes to an assortment of specific applications. These pastes are utilized in the carpentry business, in sticking paper, and in numerous different fields. System à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Preparation of milk stick 1) 250cm3 of milk and 50cm3 of vinegar (about 5% ethanoic corrosive) were included into a measuring utencil. 2) The blend was warmed gradually and mixed constantly until curds were watched. (Alert: Heater is exceptionally hot, temperature of blend ought not be more than 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) 3) Curds were permitted to settle to the base for around 10 minutes. 4) The warmed blend was sifted. 5) The curds were crushed to expel fluid. 6) The curds were washed with little volume of water and crushed once more. 7) The curds were blended with strong sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) step by step and checked pH by pH paper until pH turned out to be marginally soluble base. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Testing of follow quality of paste 1) The pastes were utilized to stick two compressed wood together, a the pressed wood at drawback , with contact surface of 20 cm2 2) Two examples were made for each paste and one example of starch stick was made as control. 3) The stack compressed wood was squeezed by 0.8kg mass and permitted to dry at dry spot for 2 days . 4) The pressed wood was set over the ground. 5) 0.5 kg Test mass was included delicately each time until the majority drop. 6) The greatest mass of the pastes that can managed were recorded. 7) The pressed wood was cut into 4, which contact surface was diminished multiple times, and the above tests were rehashed. Reference 1)http://classes.ansci.illinois.edu/ansc438/milkcompsynth/milkcomp_protein.html 2)http://science-in-farming.library4farming.org/Crops-Grains-Protein/PROTEINS-ARE-BASIC/Milk-Proteins.html

Analysis of Managerial Decisions: Medford University

While trying to discover an answer for lessening these costs, the administration could have moved toward the Human Resources division to investigate the issue available and give an overhauled arrangement to the workers' incidental advantages. Rather the administration has taken a choice to make a team to dissect the money related emergencies close by and think of an answer for help diminish the incidental advantages expenses to the college. Medford University, an esteemed research college, with more than 10,000 understudies and more than 12,000 workers, is confronted with a huge money related emergency Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009).University administration has cornered the gigantic costs troubled by the college on the incidental advantages to the representatives. This adds to over $1 00 million every year (Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009). Also the retirement benefits vowed to the resigning representatives. The college, be that as it may, off late have been confronted w ith genuine money related emergencies. The incidental advantages costs have been adding to the significant cost looked by the college. The administration is henceforth confronted with a quick activity intend to handle these budgetary emergencies to rescue the valid for the college and its employees.Now the arrangement depends generally in changing the present incidental advantages plan and for this the administration could move toward the HR office to locate another arrangement to decrease costs and furthermore keep the workers fulfilled. Rather the president utilizes an uncommon team headed by the medical clinic boss chairman to discover an answer for these emergencies. 1) President Shipyard's choice to move toward the issue over the incidental advantages by appointing a team to break down the issue is an altogether different methodology as opposed to simply heading off to the human sources division to draft an arrangement to handle the equivalent (Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2 009).The primary focal point of this team was to lessen use and build up another incidental advantage bundle for the workers of the college. He likewise watched alert as the estimations of the workforce and staff of the college ought not be influencing at all by the presentation of this team and their investigation. His reality in the accomplishment Of this team was apparent when a top director was utilized to lead the team. The bad habit executive and numerous other experienced individuals were additionally highlighted the team to ensure a successful team.On the other hand, if the president had essentially guided the issue to the HR division to think of an arrangement, it would have come about in one more reconsidered benefits bundle, with cause or worry about it being coordinated towards the wealthy, affluent, and might have even had questions raised against preference towards certain workforce and staff individuals. 2) The president must offer access to all the college money rela ted to the team. The focal point of the team isn't simply to discover an answer for decrease costs UT additionally to look for the most ideal answer for the workers as well.The thoughts and impression of every one of the team individuals ought to be coordinated to this reason. It is the obligation of the president to ensure the individual worries of every one of the part is considered in conversation and each choice made. The essential concentration anyway would be the money related of the college. 3) The main overseers arrangement to lead the team by the President was a choice made in considering the experience and information he would welcome on the government laws, state laws and the protection cap add to the expense of training (Brinkley, Smith, and Zimmerman, 2009).Every individual from the team will undoubtedly acquire different closely-held convictions and discernments to the current issue and consequently as the lead manager, he would need to think about and lead the group t he correct way. Consequently the main overseer is the most capable individual to help direct the advisory group and keep them on target in achieving the ideal outcome. This will guarantee there is a more extensive viewpoint on the issue, assorted sentiment and an answer is agreeably found. This permits the board of trustees to concentrate on rater detail the information introduced so there is an even assessment by every person and, as a gathering. ) The reason for the advisory group is to locate the most ideal answer for tackle the budgetary emergencies looked by the college. In any case, it isn't something that is destined to be acknowledged by the President. The president will consider the report of the board of trustees as the answer for the money related emergencies however the president has the ability to supersede, make proposals or change the arrangement as he see fits. It was insightful to delegate her collaborators as the bad habit executives, to the team to guarantee that he president had simple access to data and minutes of the meetings.While the Intent is to bring down the expense of incidental advantages, the president wouldn't like to change the nature of the workforce and staff. Nonetheless, the college's money related status shows that it can't proceed with an exorbitant incidental advantages plan and in this manner she would offer admission to the staff of Medford University. One approach to do this is to keep on being open any thoughts after the examination. Much after any proposals, there might be have to adjust or change any recommendations after cautious investigation. At long last the President needs to be certain that staff and personnel are reasonably and lawfully redressed. ) An aide of the President was delegated as the secretary of the team. This gives the president an inside access into the advisory group and its encouraging. It likewise keeps the president educated and furthermore keep track on the individual commitments to the boa rd of trustees and furthermore the to perceive how brought together the group is in their dynamic. This additionally would help the president in growing counter recommendations and furthermore proposals to what the team suggests. End according to my feeling, with respect to the Medford University study , the reason for the team is to give proposals from the personnel, staff, and understudy body.The seat and its individuals speak to a testing of the workforce, staff and understudies which can go about as voice for their prosperity. The assorted team individuals will likewise be better ready to gage support in the cost cutting estimates where essential all together for the school to keep up the degree of instruction it is presently giving and that it keeps its first rate instructors. References Brinkley, J. A. , Smith, C. W. , and Zimmerman, J. L. (2009). Administrative financial matters and hierarchical engineering. Chicago: Irwin.

Dementia And The Associated Stigmatisation Health And Social Care Essay

Dementia gets from Latin de expecting ‘out of ‘ and work powers planning ‘the head ‘ . Dementia is a natural mental miracle which influences the encephalon. Moreover, insanity is a degenerative dynamic technique. The CDCP ( 2004 ) states that craziness is the fifth taking reason for perish among the 65 or more gathering. Dementia influences all gatherings each piece ; â€Å" no cultural or racial lines, and the hapless, the shrewd and the straightforward the same are influenced. † ( McCugh et al, 1999: 7 ) No two individuals will hold manifestations that create in accurately a similar way, and side effects fluctuate contingent upon the progression of the unwellness. Manifestations all things considered involve memory misfortune, go ballistic, harms with consistent reasoning, supposition and anxiety, issue with executing day by day things, crazy convictions, tumult, eagerness and balanced harm. Age is an of import peril factor. Dementia is uncommon beneath the age of 65, yet unfortunately it despite everything can occur yet on the in addition to side it can in any case be analyzed. Those individuals determined to have psychosis younger than 65 are portrayed to hold beginning stage hysteria. An ongoing occurrence study is that of Mark Priddy who was determined to have Alzheimer ‘s sickness at 36 years old. As an individual ‘s age increases, the pervasiveness of psychosis augmentations. The predominance of insanity among the more than 65 is one out of 20, expanding to one individual out of five among the more than 80. Types: There are numerous kinds of craziness as insanity is the umbrella term.Alzheimer ‘s is the most well-known sort of psychosis. The Alzheimer ‘s Society found that Alzheimer ‘s infection influences around 417,000 individuals in the UK. Alzheimer ‘s sickness happens when an adjustment in development of the encephalon happens, where ‘plaques ‘ and ‘tangles ‘ create. There are other than a decreasing figure of nervus cells. Substance adjustments other than happen inside the encephalon, where synthetics are associated with the transmittal of messages inside the encephalon are at a shortfall unconventionally the synapses acetylcholine. Changes, for example, these inside the encephalon development and the synthetic study of the encephalon, influence encephalon cells to perish. Indications of Alzheimer ‘s ailment include disarray, temper swings, backdown, and imparting employments and the ulterior stage, issue with taking care of, strolling and continency happens where the probability of reliance will occur. Blood flexibly to the encephalon permits the encephalon to work tolerably, and to be sound. Blood is conveyed through the vascular framework, providing O to the encephalon. At the point when blood ca n't make the encephalon, the cells dice and the encephalon gets harmed, taking to vascular craziness. Hypertension can be a reason for vascular derangement. It is extremely of import to place and handle hypertension. An individual shot is called single-infarct derangement, in any case, it is progressively regular that a progression of little shots happen, which is alleged multi-infarct craziness. It is said that vascular craziness has a ‘step-like ‘ designed development, of where an unexpected impedance happens. Dementia with Lewy natural structures chronicles for a little figure of the whole examples. The Alzheimer ‘s Society has evaluated that derangement with Lewy natural structures accounts for around 4 % of all occasions of psychosis with the matured. Lewy natural structures happen when proteins in the celebral cerebral mantle and the encephalon root create and build up. It partitions its highlights with Alzheimer ‘s sickness and Parkinson ‘s ailment. Be that as it may, the individual ‘s memory is less influenced contrasted with Alzheimer ‘s. Comparative side effects to Parkinson ‘s malady incorporate musculus solidness, cumbersomeness, loss of facial looks and fighting. The separation between the two is of import as it can hold significant reasonings for bearing. Front-transient psychosis is another uncommon signifier of craziness, and incorporates Pick ‘s illness. Harm happens to the front-projection of the encephalon, which is liable for our conduct, passionate reactions and etymological correspondence achievements. Frequently, the individual ‘s memory stays indispensable, yet their character and conduct modifications. Different manifestations incorporate loss of concealments, a reduction in or insufficiency of address, acting unacceptably, or potentially going forceful. This kind of hysteria is portrayed by a more youthful of approaching, with the 75 mature ages old being an uncommon to be analyzed. Analysis: At an early stage manifestations are as often as possible subtle doing it difficult to name. It much of the time takes up to one twelvemonth or longer for a finishing up diagnosing to be made. Dementia is only recognizable with assurance after a posthumous examination. Early diagnosing is of import as it permits better consideration projects to be created for the great beyond, and intercessions can other than be begun. Specialists utilize a figure of plans to name psychosis. It is of import that they preclude any treatable conditions, for example, sadness, or nutrient B12 need. Specialists as often as possible start with persistent history and physical examination. They can encourage a specializer, of which encephalon preliminaries take topographic point. Imaging examines, for example, an attractive reverberation creative mind ( MRI ) filter, which can gracefully data about the physical region and development of your encephalon The smaller than normal mental region investigation ( MMSE ) is a Screen for Cognitive Impairment. It is most typically used to demonstrate for illnesses of memory employments or when a diagnosing of derangement is being thought of. The preliminary comprises of a progression of requests and preliminaries, where every request addressed right gets focuses. From an accomplishable sign of 30, the lower the imprint the more horrible the disease.A Peoples with Alzheimer ‘s ailment all things considered score 26 focuses or less. It must be noticed that the MMSE is non a preliminary for Alzheimer ‘s sickness or some other reason for psychosis. Be that as it may, the preliminary is faulty. To start with, there are numerous different grounds why individual may score under 26 focuses. Second, Holzer at Al ( 1984 ) contends that the †choice of a slice off imprint to discover the nearness of psychosis is marginally self-assertive. † ( Ineichen, 1998: 11 ) Medicines and Remedies: In spite of the fact that craziness is irreversible and serious, mediation methods have been created to better the occupations each piece much as could be expected under the circumstances. The assaults accomplish non work with everybody, so there must be an acknowledgment of single contrasts, employments and their eagerness to set about intervention. For outline, if wretchedness is created during the early periods of Dementia, this can be dealt with. Moreover, provoking strategies can be utilized for memory misfortune. Busch ( 1984 ) discovered four subjects inside therapeudic assaults. These incorporate world direction, memory, remotivation and resocialisation. It is non just the patients who can be drawn nearer yet close to the family unit and wellbeing proficient through respite and care groups. Taulbee and Folson ( 1966 ) back up the techniques for mediation, thinking that it †makes the patient feel that he merits something all things considered, that he can in any case hel p through something. † Medications simply have a fleeting outcome, taking care of the side effects however non the causes. In any case, some medication intercessions accessible can better the side effects or decelerate down the designed development of the psychosis in certain people. FDA - endorsed drugs for insanity are referred to conventionally as donepezil ( Aricept ) , and memantine ( Ebixa ) , what's more galantamine ( Reminyl ) , and rivastigmine ( Exelon ) have been suggested for the mediation of hysteria. Donepezil ( Aricept ) , galantamine ( Reminyl ) and rivastigmine ( Exelon ) are authorized for the intercession of gentle to seat insanity. Aricept, Exelon and Reminyl are known as Cholinesterase inhibitors, which increment the level of the substance acetylcholin in the encephalon to build conveying between nervus cells since hysteria prompts lost nervus cells. Memantine ( Ebixa ) is authorized for the intercession of moderate to extreme Alzheimer ‘s sickness. Ebixa is distinctive in that i t hinders the concoction glutamate. Dementia amendss nerve cells, which discharge unnecessary entireties of glutamate, doing more remote mischief of the encephalon. Medications are non adequate for everybody, with estimations of between 40 to 60 % of individuals benefitting from drugs. In any case, these medications might be seting some matured at risk with their reactions. These regularly incorporate diarrhoeas, swooning, disorder, blacking out and most extreme reactions including blacking out, slow chest beats, and mental trips. Nonetheless, drugs have become â€Å" compound blackjack † in the intercession of hysteria. It was uncovered that the NHS has attempted to get by with the lifting Numberss of craziness patients and as a result have gone to hostile to crazy medications, which was recommended abdominal muscle initio for schizophrenic issue. The National Audit Office says up to 150,000 individuals with psychosis were unsatisfactorily recommended drugs, loaning to a potential 1,800 perishes a year.A Much research is being done on derangement so as to help doctors better comprehend, analyze, and handle the ailment. Past inquires about did have discovered correlativities that nutrient E and nutrient b12 may thwart the lessening with the matured. An American review proposes that abatement of unsaturated fats in the encephalon can help handle Alzheimer ‘s, yet this study was done on mice and consequently can non be summed up to human presences. Specialists foresee that meatiness prompts dementia and along these lines a more advantageous way of life including a superior eating regimen, all the more practicing and lower blood power per unit zone can chop down the danger. The Dementia 2010 examination evaluated that the expense of dementedne

Technology Advancement Is Transforming Accounting Industry Better - 1100 Words

Technology Advancement Is Transforming Accounting Industry For The Better (Coursework Sample) Content: Technology advancement is transforming accounting industry for the betterStudents nameInstitutional affiliationIntroductionAccounting has always been referred to as the language of business. Throughout the ages, this language has undergone a lot of changes. But what is worth noting is that, throughout all the witnessed changes, changes in technology have always been critical in making accounting job better and easier. As the technology knowledge evolves for the better so is the ability of the accountants statistical analysis (Pepe, 2011).The improvement in technology is always enhancing accountants abilities in interpreting data effectively and efficiently. Such technological advancements are equipping accountants with abilities that make it easier to interpret that business language. It is because of this that an accountant is now viewed as most trusted corporation business adviser (2011). Therefore, the introduction of new technologies in terms of gadgets, software, applications, and machines is from day to day is always transforming the accounting profession for the better. This paper is going to explain this concept so as to give a clear insight into what the situation is like.On the intranet, extranet, and E-businessNowadays, those accounting professional that have better knowledge of the internet use it for e-business. They apply it in the execution of various business processes in an enterprise. This is proving to be of great significance in accounting in that most accounting firms are in a position to coordinate internal management activities while at the same time they are able to use digital networks enhance customers relationship. There are also enterprise based applications which are in most cases used on an enterprise network. This is called intranet and it's of great help as it is used to disseminate programs and corporate policies to the employees. This improves the means of communication within the organization as it eases how th e message is passed. Also, there is extranet which accounting professionals use to pass information to the outside world. It enables accounting firms to link with their clients. What this means, is that accounting firms, using this technology, they will be able to cut down on operation costs, have effective communication and also access their clients with much ease (Laudon, 2006).Input, output, and processingIt is a desire for most clients to have efficient financial processes. Also, it is a desire of most accountants to have an efficient way that will be able to track clients information efficiently. So far, the answer to their desires is the changing technology. There have emerged digital processes and programs that make it easier to organize and track clients information. Today, when clients information is fed into a computer program, the data is processed and converted into useful information and then output gets the information to an accountant (Laudon, et al, 2006). From this point, it is possible for accountants to interpret clients information with success. Also, a client data can be organized and stored safely on a computer system. Therefore, the advancements in technology are making it possible for accountants to protect clients sensitive data and at the same time make it available for statistical analysis. This has eliminated the risky file storage rooms (Torgerson, 2007). Evolution in technology is, therefore, making accounting more efficient, bringing clients satisfactory and also enables accountants to safely store and interpret information with much ease.Cloud computingCloud computing is one of the most recent technologies that have become popular. These services are being provided by different companies over the internet. The technology makes it possible to for an individual/organization to store information permanently. It also enables the use of applications on a remote server. Data is therefore stored permanently in a center that is shared b y many users (Laudon, et al, 2006). Accounting firms will therefore not have to buy anything but would rather pay monthly subscriptions for what they need. This has the effect of freeing up space on firms hard drive. This technology is providing a way for accounting to store their data as at the same time providing security for their data. Also, one of the major ways cloud is benefiting accounting is the fact that the system can be accessed from many locations. In addition, accounting firms are not worried about purchasing hardware, maintaining them or even buying accounting software. What cloud computing will do, is that it is going to transform service delivery in that accountants will be in a position to react fast and with much more flexibility to clients needs.Technology applications/software are minimizing accounting errorsThe recent changes in technology have equipped accountants with tools that they can make use of and minimize margin errors. In the presence of specialized a ccounting applications, word processing tools it easy to see why there will be a dramatic improvement in accuracy in the accounting field. Also, there will be a great reduction in margin errors. Most accounting professionals use word tools such as Microsoft Excel in data entry as well as running ledgers. Other organizations have invested in software and applications that simplify the process and at the same time ensure accuracy in both financial reports and ledgers (WetFeet, 2008).This is going to be of great benefit, in that accounting professional will know how they will evade errors that can attract tax penalties or inform a wrong decision. Therefore, such technological changes will better the accounting ...

The Sudan and Terrorism Essay - 1313 Words

The current government of Sudan led by the Arab leader Omar el-Bashir can be blamed for the terror and conflict that enveloped Sudan in the last decades. Omar el-Bashir has always been criticized for only defending and acting on the interests of the Arab Muslims located in the Northern Sudan while ignoring the Christians and Animist population in the south. The conflict that unfolded in these regions along with violence, hostility and dislocation of many people can be connected with the reign of the Arab leader in Sudan. Indeed, this reigning group or culture in Sudan affected not only the Sudanese but also other states in the region and the international community in general, most especially the United States since their reign produced†¦show more content†¦Other more lucky Sudanese resettled in the United States, Egypt and Kenya (CIA, 2011). As stated, Sudan is not exclusively a haven of conflict between Muslims, Christians, and pagans. It is also a haven for the breeding and training of regional and international terrorists. The poor and conflict-ridden Sudanese territories are ideal grounds for terrorists operations. Since 1993, Sudan was designated by the United States as a state that sponsors terrorism. Today, it remains of the list along with other six countries of Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Libya, Syria and North Korea (U.S. Embassy, 2011). Primarily, this is because of the failure of Sudan to respond to numerous repeated requests for information on many suspected training sites, safe houses and other activities of the terrorists in their area. It was concluded that Sudan houses and supports terrorist groups and other radical organizations such as Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Hamas, Islamic Jihad, Hizbollah, Algerian FIS, Al-Nada, etc. (Blurr Collins, 2003). As a result, Sudan suffered from numerous ec onomic and financial sanctions from the United States and the United Nations. Nevertheless, it is important to note the significant improvements and developments that were achieved in the last decade on the United States war on terrorism after Sudan entered a bilateral dialogue on counter-terrorism with United States in 2000. The bilateralShow MoreRelatedTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism in Sudan In the past, Sudan had been designated as a State Sponsor of Terrorism regarding support for international terrorist groups. However, Sudan has changed its approach ever since the 9/11 attacks has been aiding the United States in diminishing the pervasiveness of terrorist groups in Sudan, and in the world. Recently, Sudan has remained cooperative with the United States in its war on counter terrorism. Sudan has taken many preventive measures to keep these terrorist groups outRead MoreTerrorism Is Global Issue That Have Occurred Around The World? Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism are global issue that have occurred around the world. It happened between countries and countries or even in the civil wars. Because of venerating the religious beliefs, some terrorists groups used terrorism to defense and propagandize their goal to the world. Until now, Al-Qaeda and their allies are known as one of the strongest and dangerous terrorist groups. They were killing people who showed opp osed ideas over their beliefs; furthermore, in their religious ideal, the terrorists groupsRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Terrorism1245 Words   |  5 Pages Since terrorism has taken the impact of globalization it is leaving the world in a war of terror and a desperate effort to unite against the growing terrorist groups. After the numerous, tragic world wide events stemmed by terrorism such as: 9/11, bombing of the London subway, and the Beslan school hostage crisis, the world has vastly changed its’ mentality of dealing with the future. The globe is forced to unite against an emerging threat, and is conjointly cutting funding for terrorism throughRead MoreA Weekly Training Session 1 Embargo Sanctions1525 Words   |  7 Pageswe all need to be clear on what sanctions regimes are and how they are set out. Financial and Trade Sanctions are part of a package of measures applied by individual countries, International Organisations or Regional Bodies to fight aggression, terrorism, criminal behaviour or violations of human rights. These Sanctions measures are intended to motivate change in behaviour by the individual, regime or jurisdiction or to deprive terrorist and criminal of access to funds. The UK government definesRead MoreThe War On Terror ( Wot )1582 Words   |  7 Pages The War on Terror (WoT), also known as the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), refers to the international military campaign that started after the September 11 attacks on the United States.[47] U.S. President George W. Bush first used the term War on Terror on 20 September 2001.[47] The Bush administration and the western media have since used the term to argue a global military, political, legal, and conceptual struggle against both organizations designated terrorist and regimes accused of supportingRead MoreThe War On Immigration : The United States1285 Words   |  6 PagesScherlen, â€Å"Immigration, Refugees, and American Security†, Fact vs Fiction). The Executive order created a ban against six different Middle Eastern countries from travelling or immigration to the United States that consisted of Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. The original term for this was the Muslim Ban which resulted in a press conference to defend our president Donald Trump for his vulgar usage of the term banning a religion instead of a country. Iraq was also a part of the list ofRead MoreThese various groups are united in their desire for regime change – Sudanese people, who suffer800 Words   |  4 PagesThese various groups are united in their desire for regime change – Sudanese people, who suffer under the weight of terrorism, murder and starvation, displacement and genocide for the past 30 years have decided to revolt against their suppressors. They went out demonstrating in the streets, but the thugs of the government inundated their hands in the blood of the victims they slaughtered and murdered. Internet services are cut off and newspapers are confiscated and offices of news channels andRead MoreAl Qaeda Terrorist Group1239 Words   |  5 Pageshis immediate family and his loyal band of followers moved to Sudan. In 1994, the Saudi government revoked Bin Ladens citizenship for his opposition to the Saudi government. While in Sudan, Bin Laden established businesses, paved roads, built an airport, and created training camps to supply out of work mujahedin or holy warrior with jobs. As the Sudanese relations with the United Stated improved in 1996, the government of Sudan asked Bin Laden to leave the country. Enraged, Bin Laden returnedRead MoreThe Politics Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States; Donald Trump signed an executive order immediately suspending America’s refugee program, and barring entry from any people from the following seven countries: Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen. This decision was immediately met with global outrage, with many people and politicians alike lambasting President Trump, labeling his order as ‘discriminatory’ and ‘un-American’. Though it is easy to be consumed by the social dogmaRead MoreTerrorism : The Threat Of Terrorism Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages The Threat of Terrorism in the U.S. Thomas McBrien Prof. Tomlinson FCIQ-101 Terrorism is a major, growing concern throughout the United States. Terrorism comes in different forms and also has different motives. The most common motives for terrorist attacks in the United States are different political and religious views. The United States is also a targeted country because they are very involved in other nations. As the terrorist threat continues to rise, the United States must have

Irony, Allusion, Metaphor, Personification, Alliteration,...

Describe the setting of this novel. The boys are stranded on an unoccupied island. It seems as though it is somewhere in the Pacific in the 1950’s. It is an unknown environment which is very peculiar. As young boys, they expressed a great amount of enthusiasm once they arrived. After this initial feeling, the reality of the absence of adult supervision came to their realization, and the threat of the real world set in. This island possesses several jungle characteristics such as dense undergrowth. There is plenty of food and wild fruit. This is a deserted tropical island. Explain Golding’s use of the following literary devices using evidence from the novel: irony, allusion, simile, symbol, slang, repetition, personification, alliteration,†¦show more content†¦Personification: As mentioned on page 19, â€Å"Sleep enveloped him like swathing mirages that were wrestling with the brilliance of the lagoon.† Alliteration: The ululation rose behind him and spread along, a series of short sharp cries, the sighting call. The usage of the ‘s’ sound is used to deliver a abrupt and sneaky sound. Comic Relief: â€Å"He tried to convey the compulsion to track down and kill that was swallowing him up.† Jack is slowly transforming from civilized to savage. What is the dramatic situation at the beginning of the novel? Ralph is a twelve year old boy with fair hair who climbs out of a plane wreckage on an island towards a lagoon. He comes in contact with a boy who seems to be around the same age as him. They differ in appearance as this boy is fat and wears glasses. Ralph goes ahead and introduces himself. The fat boy doesn’t reveal his name, instead he tells a story about how his classmates at school gave him the nickname ‘Piggy.’ He reveals that he would prefer not to be called ‘Piggy’, but reluctantly, Ralph assigns that as his name. They discuss how both boys survived a plane crash in the Pacific Ocean and how there is an obvious absences of adult authority on this island. It appears as though both boys escaped from a war in their home countries. What causes the boy s’ terror? The belief that there is a beast on the island is what causes the boy s’ terror. Nobody sees it except them ,but the boys areShow MoreRelatedHello2980 Words   |  12 Pagesthese characters, things, events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. These characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to. Alliteration—The repetition at close intervals of initial identical consonant sounds. Allusion—An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is expected to be familiar. Allusions are usually literary, historical, Biblical, or mythological. Ambiguity—An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. AlsoRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesof American Literature - 1900-1946 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · dominant mood: alienation and disconnection people unable to communicate effectively fear of eroding traditions and grief over loss of the past Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · highly experimental allusions in writing often refer to classical Greek and Roman writings use of fragments, juxtaposition, interior monologue, and stream of consciousness writers seeking to create a unique style Effect: ï‚ · common readers are alienated by this literature Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesCrane, the gangling schoolmaster in Irving’s The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, resembles his long-legged namesake. Names can also contain literary or historical allusions that aid in characterization by means of association. The name ‘Ethan Brand’, referring to the wandering lime burner who gives his name to Hawthorne’s short story, contains an allusion to the mark or brand of Cain a legacy of guilt that the outcast Brand shares with his Biblical counterpart. One must also, however, be alert to names used

Essay on Summary Of The Glass Castle Essay Example For Students

Essay on Summary Of The Glass Castle Essay Born abused raised to a soldierLife is an amazing thing just like Jeannette Walls’ in The Glass Castle. Add a sentence about her hardships. People are awesome and we do many great things in life. Some of us go on to making and creating amazing inventions and other gadgets. Some of us go on to doing heroic things with our life. Well all have great and amazing moments but sometimes we have not so great or even tragic events. I m not going to say I ve had it the worst like Jeannette, but I ve definitely have a story to tell. I have little memory in my head and I mainly have stories that I have been told. I grew up in a small one story house with about three rooms a bedroom/living room a bathroom and a kitchen, I can’t say it was cramped because I don’t even remember this house. My mother and I live with her boyfriend who she had plans to marry until he didn’t want to have to take care of a kid and wanted me to be put up for adoption. My mother said no and she ended up leaving him. We traveled to my grandparents who lived in Sandusky pretty much next to downtown historic Sandusky. I spent most of my time with grandparents while my mother worked a job as a nurse. She was gone most of the time, I would usually get up to eat breakfast and then be able to say goodbye, she would then come home late and I don’t remember what time. The only thing I remember about her coming home was the sound of our front door opening and closing because I was already in bed. My grandparents did an amazing job managing their already busy and hard life schedules to help me. My grandfather almost losing his job one day cause he picked me up after school, I couldn’t ask for a more amazing family. It remained this way for about four years. Next comes . .amazing. I am enlisting in the US Army as 31K (Military Working Dog Handler) I will have to go through a 27 week training. Nine weeks being at basic combat training and 18 weeks training to be a military police k-9 unit. This just goes to show you. Like Jeannette walls said â€Å"I lived in a world that at any moment could erupt into fire. It was the sort of knowledge that kept you on your toes.† Jeannette Walls, The Glass Castle. It s true that I have as well and it takes a major amount of strength in order to step up and do the things that can’t normally be done.I close this essay with a message to anyone who may be reading this or even have the same troubles as me. Life will always throw challenges in your way, you will be lost at times and even scared to death. But in the end you will prevail. â€Å"Each day of life is a gift, that is why it is called the present† ~Anon

Operations Management Theory and Practice

Operation management explains the processes that a product or service passes through during its production. It deals with the design, manufacture, services, and supply of the product. Operations management deals with the procedures that ensure that a firm delivers the desired product and service to the client.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management: Theory and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It considers the concepts of quality, efficiency, and responsiveness to customers (Mahadevan, 2010). These concepts relate to the methodologies of operation management, which includes; operating budget, productivity enhancement tools, peripheral operations, and open line of communication within the staff. This paper reflects on the relevance and the practical applications of concepts and methodologies of operation management. The operating budget finances the continued activities of the organization. The money kept under the operating budget primary function is to fund the activities of all units in the business. In addition, the productivity enhancement tools cut down the costs and concurrently, increase the profits. This makes the products relatively expensive for the customers. The organization makes use of pie charts, flow charts and the other presentation models to enhance better understanding. Moreover, every employee in the organization is accountable for an effective operations management (Mahadevan, 2010). For this reason, the organization uses open line communication between the different departments. This process is virtually important to everyone within the firm, both the employees and the clients. Therefore, these methodologies relates to the concepts of quality, efficiency, and responsiveness to customers. Operation management is of significant benefit to the organization. When the business effectively uses its available resources and work force in production proce ss, it will meet their clients’ requirements. Therefore, the management must be creative, energetic, and innovative to improve the production process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will increase the company’s profits because the customers will be satisfied due to the high quality of products and services. The organization also cuts on the cost of production. Mahadevan (2010) explains that operation management provides a background to the future innovations by supporting new ideas and knowledge of employees within the business. Therefore, the operation management is of importance to the success of the business. The operation management is a chain of activities that all depend on each other for successful outcome. The processes are inter-related, therefore, operation management has to effectively check and monitor these activities. This is the principal di sadvantage, the marketing functions, finance, procurement, production, distribution and all other activities has to co-relate well for a successful completion. If the processes are not in place to work together, then the process will fail. It is of value to have a clear understanding of this topic. Operation management is a wide topic that covers an important part in any organization (Mahadevan, 2010). If ignored, then the management must prepare for low profit margins and customer dissatisfaction. Finally, the concepts and methodologies discussed above apply to all working environments. Importantly, the business responsiveness to customer satisfaction is vital. The organization must work with the aim of meeting the demands of their clients. Again, the methodologies involved gives more credit in meeting the clients satisfaction. On the other hand, if these concepts and methodologies are not applied, the business is at a risk of customer dissatisfaction and lack of production. This a ffects the profit profile of the business, as their profits decreases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management: Theory and Practice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Anyone recommending these concepts and methodologies of operation management ought to present them as critical requirements in an enterprise. For a less knowledgeable audience, this topic is an inclusive monitoring of all the processes that a product or a service undergoes to completion. Reference Mahadevan, B. (2010). Operations management: Theory and practice. Upper Saddle River: Pearson. This essay on Operations Management: Theory and Practice was written and submitted by user Emiliano Gould to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Great Mosque essays

Great Mosque essays The Great Mosque of Cordoba was considered a wonder of the medieval world by both Muslims and Christians. During that time, many people considered it as the Eight wonder of the world. The Great Mosque was built on a Visigothic site, which was probably the site of an earlier Roman temple. The Great mosque began being built in 785 in the Ummayyad dynasty, during the reign of Abd al-Rahman I, a survivor of the Ummayyad dynasty who escaped from Syria to the Iberian Peninsula after his family was massacred by the Abbasids. The function of the Great Mosque was to provide a place for worship and prayer for those who practice the Islamic faith. The structure of the mosque was a blend of Umayyad, Abbasdi, and pre-Islamic influences. The mosques hypostyle plan, consisting of a rectangular prayer hall and an enclosed courtyard, followed a tradition established in the Umayyad and Abbasid mosques of Syria and Iraq. (pg. 346 prayer hall) The marble columns and capitals in the hypostyle prayer hal l were reused from the ruins of classical Roman buildings in the area. The two-tiered system of arches is similar the Roman aqueducts. Its purpose was to increase the height of the interior space to allow light and air to come in. The upper arches are semi-circular and the lower arches have a horseshoe shape and are know as horseshoe arches. The horseshoe arch had been used by the Visigoths in Spain, but its use was greatly expanded by the Muslims. The curved arch was formed by alternating placement of pale stone and red brick voussoirs which was a technique adopted from the Romans and Byzantines. Al-Hakam II, who ruled from 961-976, commissioned expensive and luxurious renovations that displeased many of his subjects. His most lavish renovation was concentrated in the maqsura, the prayer space reserved for the ruler. Its lavishly decorated with carved marble, stucco, and elaborate mosaics. The maqsura is visually separated from the ...

Environmental Regulations in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Regulations in the USA - Essay Example Conservation and management of resource laws deals with a single resource like natural resources for example forests, animal species and intangible resources like archeological sites. Environmental regulations are influenced by principles of environmentalism including sustainability, conservation, ecology, stewardship, and responsibility. Environmental regulations are mainly aimed at protecting and preserving human health and natural environment (Pizer 123). Resource conservation and management laws try to balance the benefits of exploitation of economic resources as well as their preservation. The law aims at preventing externalities, in the present and in future, and conservation of public resources from individual exploitation. The expenses and limitations of such laws on commerce and non-money benefits of protecting the environment have generated and is still attracting a lot of controversy. This has led to the inception of the following acts: Environmental Policy and Planning: National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969; Environmental Quality Improvement Act (EQIA) of April 3rd, 1970; Federal Facility Compliance Act of 1992 (FFCA). Environmental Policy and Planning: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 is an environmental law in United States that promotes environmental enhancement. The law led to the formation of the environmental quality presidents’ council. The most significant function of NEPA of 1969 was to set up procedures that had to be a requirement for all agencies of federal government, preparation of environmental assessments and statements of environmental impact. These requirements are applied by all federal agencies in the executive branch og government. However, it does not apply to the congress, president or federal courts. Â  

University of Miami Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

University of Miami - Essay Example As a function of this, UAVs operating in various places throughout the world, namely Iraq and Afghanistan, began to suffer a high attrition rate due to the icing of the wings that invariably occurs at high attitudes. As such, this represented a primary design flaw in that the UAV manufacturers had not foreseen the fact that due to the pilotless nature of the aircraft, it would be nearly impossible for a UAV pilot to notice and infer that icing was taking place; let alone seeks to counteract such an eventuality by employing countermeasures. Moreover, the analysis will look at the use of FEA as a means of solving the complex problems that the engineers were faced. In order to rapidly and cost effectively integrate such a level of changes, the engineers went back to the proverbial drawing board and utilized CAD (Computer Assisted Design) to seek to draw a further level of inference upon the issue at hand. Mainly, these tools were used by the analysts to seek to determine the CFD properties that the wings exhibited. The CFD, or Computational Fluid Dynamics, was a way that the engineers could seek to provide the wings and surface areas of the associated aircraft with the highest level of protection against the accumulation of ice without having the cover the entire aircraft in costly, heavy, and ultimately ineffective de-icing mechanisms. The overall importance of seeking to maximize the level of â€Å"bang for the buck† with relation to where the de-icing systems were ultimately installed centered upon the fact that the sheer nature of the jobs which the UAV’s perform and support require that they remain aloft for extraordinarily long periods of time. As a function of this, it is necessary for these aircraft to be as light, and as fuel efficient as possible. Likewise, seeking to utilize CAD and CFD to determine what aspects of the aircraft lay at the greatest degree of risk with

Tides Case Essay Example for Free

Tides Case Essay 1)why the east cost has one high and one low tide a day but other parts of the world have two per day? The most common type of tide around the world is the semi-diurnal type; this consists of two high and two low tides per day. Semi-diurnal tides occur when water is not uniformly raised; this may be due to ocean currents, tributary rivers and other out and in flowing systems. This results in water sloshing around, making the tide phases twice per day. The coast off Florida however, has a diurnal type of tide, having only one low and one high tide per day. Diurnal tides occur when water is relatively trapped, resulting in a uniform movement resonating from the center which follows the lunar phases. 2) How is it we are experiencing GLOBAL WARMING LA NINA? I am confused how both can exist at the same time. The world’s temperature is increasing due to global warming. La Nià ±a is brought upon by the abnormal cooling of the pacific Ocean. How can this two phenomena coexist? The Earth’s temperature is regulated by wind and ocean currents, evenly distributing the Earth’s heat. The increase in the Earth’s temperature is an added strain to this system, implying that the currents need to distribute more heat. In distributing this heat, some areas become abnormally cool while other become abnormally hot. Whaen the abnormally cool area falls upon the Pacific Ocean, La Nià ±a then occurs. 3)Is gravity the only cause of a wave change in shape at the shoreline? Gravity plays an important part in determining what shape a wave takes as it approaches the shore. However, strong winds that hit the wave can also mould it, either making it roll, or making its top crumble altogether. Additional, the tide in effect near the shore can define how high a wave is when approaching. Source: Calvert J.B. (2003) Tidal Observations Retrieved April 12 2007 from http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/geol/tides.htm#Gulf

The Influence of Malcolm X on United States History Essay -- Racial Is

There have been many people throughout United States History who have greatly influenced the nation, including Malcolm X. Malcolm X both positively and negatively affected American society. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history, while being a tremendous public speaker and human rights activist, specifically advocating for the rights of African Americans. However, numerous individuals view him as controversial figure due to the widespread portrayal of Malcolm X as a violent and racist character often considered to be the opposite of Martin Luther King, Jr. Overall, it is clear that Malcolm X is one of the most significant people in United States history because of his various positive and negative influences on American culture. Malcolm Little was born on 19 May 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, but grew up in Lansing, Michigan (Malcolm, 2003). Malcolm attended school in Lansing, but dropped out in the eighth grade after one of his teachers told him that he should become a carpenter instead of a lawyer. His childhood can be seen as quite tragic for several reasons. First, he watched his house burn down at the hands of white supremacists, the Ku Klux Klan. Then, two years later, his father was murdered, and subsequently, his mother was placed in a mental institution. Later, only in his early teens, Malcolm moved to Boston to live with his half-sister. There, he became involved in criminal activities. Known as â€Å"Detroit Red,† for his hair’s reddish tinge, he developed into a street hustler, drug dealer, and leader of a gang of thieves (Mamiya, 1). Consequently, in 1946, he went to prison for burglary (Malcolm, 2003). It is due to this criminal nature, in his early life, that some i... ...sively demand change (Ferran, 1992). Unfortunately, many individuals find him to be controversial and his methods to be extreme. Nevertheless, he fought for equality of African Americans and stood for what he believed becoming one of the most significant characters in American history. Works Cited Brazil, Georgia and Barbara Reed. â€Å"X, Malcolm†. Volume Library. Southwestern. Nashville, TN. 2004. Ferran, Christine. "X, Malcolm 1925-1965." Contemporary Black Biography. 1992. Encyclopedia.com. 14 Feb. 2011. â€Å"Malcolm X.† Britannica. 15th Edition. 2003 Mamaiya, Lawrence A. "Malcolm X Biography." Biography.com. 2010. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. . McGill, Sarah Ann. â€Å"Malcolm X.† EBSCO. Broadalbin-Perth High School Library Broadalbin, New York. 16 Feb. 2011. .

Case Study the Virgin Group Essay

PROBLEM: * The Virgin Group is so unrelated diversified that it has been criticized by some commentators because it has become an â€Å"endorsement brand that could not always offer real expertise to the businesses which it is associated†. So the real question is â€Å"Can The Virgin Group be good/successful in every business it gets into?† â€Å"Are they really adding a real value to each business/customer? * What will happen if a customer has a bad experience with any of the product lines of the Virgin Brand? Would that influence this customer to never try again another line of this brand? Some commentators have found a big risk with Virgin’s approach stating that: â€Å"The greatest threat is that Virgin Brand may become associated with failure†. Can that be possible? * Richard Branson’s is associated with the Virgin Brand, this sure has been the key to the success of this company, but can also his image fire back toward the Virgin brand if he g ains a bad reputation? What can be the consequences? FACTS: Organizational: * The Virgin Group is one of the UK’s largest private companies. (S) * The Virgin Group included in 2006, 63 businesses such as airlines, health clubs, music stores and trains. Also included Virgin Galactic which promises to take passengers into the sub-orbital space. (S) * The personal image and personality of Richard Branson, the founder of the Group is highly bound up with those of the company. (S ,W) * Branson announced in 2006 his plans to invest $3bn in renewable energy. (S) * Virgin’s partnership with cable company NTL, undertook an expansion into media challenging publicy the way NewsCorp operated in the UK and the effects on British democracy. (S ,W) * Virgin was founded in 1970 as a mail order record business and developed as a private company in music publishing and retailing. (S) * In 1986, Virgin was floated on the stock exchange with a turnover of 362.5 million (Euros). (S) * Branson decided to take the business back into private ownership and the shares were bought back at the original price offer, when the price of the shares began to fall and because of the pressure to create short-term profit. (S ,W) * Virgin’s expansion had often been through joint ventures whereby Virgin provided the brand and its partner provided the majority of the capital. I.e.: For cosmetics and clothing Virgin provided 1,000 (pounds), while its partner Victory Corporation 20m (pounds). (S) * Built business with Virgin Mobile, by forming partnerships with existing wireless operators to sell services under the Virgin brand name. The carrier competences lay in network management. Virgin set out to differentiate itself by offering innovative services. (S) * Virgin has been described as a â€Å"keiretsu† organisation. A structure of loosely linked, autonomous units by self-managed teams that use a common brand name. (S ,W) * Virgin Atlantic, which is owned in 49% by Singapore Airways is one of businesses Branson will never sell, despite of the cyclical nature of this business. He included airline businesses such as Virgin Express (European), Virgin Blue (Australia) and Virgin Nigeria in the group. (S) * Branson has reported about withdrawing from the business which more or less can run by itself now, hoping that his son Sam might become more a of Virgin figurehead. At the same time he launched his initiatives in media and fuel. (W) Environmental: * Branson’s public image and special appearances has contributed to the definition and recognisability of the brand. (O) * Virgin is putting up the Capital for Virgin Fuels and is using the brand to attract the attention to the issues and possibilities that the technology offers. (Different from the other business) (O) * In 2005 announced the establishment of a â€Å"quadruple play† media company providing television, broadband, fixed-lined and mobile communications through the merger of Branson’s UK mobile interests with UK’s two cable companies. (O) * Branson describes Virgin as â€Å"a branded venture capital house†. There was no â€Å"group† as such; Virgin was described as a family rather than a hierarchy. (O) * In 2006 Branson explained the basis upon which he considers opportunities: be global in scope, enhance the brand, be worth doing and have an expectation of a reasonable return on investment. (O) * Branson’s engagement with â€Å"greener† fuels has created a debate on measures to reduce carbon emissions from airplanes. (O) * The public flotation of individual businesses rather than the group as a whole has become an intrinsic part of the â€Å"juggling† of finances that underpins Virgin’s expansion. (T) * Virgin argues that its brand research indicated that people who have had a bad experience will blame that particular Virgin company or product but will be willing to use another Virgin product or service due to the very diversity of the brand. (O , T) * In 2000 Strategic Rail Authority Review voted Virgin Rail on 23rd and 24th place among 25 railway operators what had a great negative impact on Virgin Group overall reputation. (T) Values & Aspirations: * The Virgin name was associated with words such as â€Å"fun†, â€Å"innovative†, â€Å"daring† and â€Å"successful†. It was chosen representing the idea of the company being a virgin in every business it entered. (1) * Establish The Virgin Brand as a major global name. (2) * Virgin won an award for the best wireless operator in the UK. (4) * Branson saw Virgin adding value in the three main ways, aside from the brand: Public relations and marketing skills, its experience with Greenfield start-ups; and Virgin’s understanding of the opportunities presented by â€Å"institutionalized† markets. (3) * Each company is â€Å"ring-fenced†, so no company had no rights over the assets of another; providing not only financial protection, but also to a business ethic aspect. (5) * The increasing conformity between personal interest and business activities could be discerned in the establishment of Virgin Fuels. Branson has stated that by using non-oil-based fuels a Second Gulf War can be prevented. (7) * The line between personal conviction and business interests is everyday more thin. (6) KEY ASSUMPTIONS: * Branson’s taste for his brands of business remains undimmed so will surely continue this way. He has grown his business using the Unrelated Diversification Strategy, which is based in entering new businesses sectors outside the core activities; such as travel, telecommunications, trains, cosmetics. * He will continue investing in â€Å"Green companies† producing ethanol and cellulosic ethanol fuels in competition with the oil industry. He has already started to Go Green, so surely all his companies will follow this new eco-friendly trend. * Branson’s son may be taking the lead of the company in the future. His statements toward leaving the company in the future and let his son take the lead may be to prepare his entire workforce for this moment. * Even though the Virgin Brand is powerful, Branson’s image is strongly related to the company, so if he decides to go, will the next person in charge be able to maintain the same cultural organisation that has identified this company till now? * To be part of the World history, by becoming the most powerful Brand and Company, not only of the UK, but also Europe and make many other businesses in other Continents. * Become a leader of non-oil industry. His high investment in this area confirms his seriousness about this issue. * Continue investing on more R&D in new and innovative technologies in order to expand the company’s position in entertainment and telecommunications market. He is already the leader in the mobile service due to correct strategy and implementation. * Virgin Galactic may become the leading company to send humans to space, making this company be part of the Humankind History. SOLUTIONS: * So far Branson’s strategy has leaded him to success. He must continue making new alliances and also to strengthen the ones that have been made so far. The strategy used by the Virgin Group, based on Unrelated Diversification has been the key element of success of the company. This strategy has created a unique culture and corporate structure needed to build a strong competitive advantage. * The investment of new R&D technologies may make the difference for this company’s future. It has the potential to become a Giant in the IT area. * Continue gaining competitive advantage over the market by identifying themselves as the fun, playful and innovative company they have been so far. This marketing campaign has helped Virgin Brand to gain loyal customers. * Expand the Virgin Brand into new continents. Select another target markets in the Asian and African continents where surely can form alliances with local markets and gain competitive advantage by the strong growth potential.

The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald. Essay - 1313 Words

The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald aims to show that the myth of the American dream is fading away. The American values of brotherhood and peace have been eradicated and replaced with ideas of immediate prosperity and wealth. Fitzgerald feels that the dream is no longer experienced and that the dream has been perverted with greed and malice. The Great Gatsby parallels the dreams of America with the dream of Jay Gatsby in order to show the fallacies that lie in both of them. Fitzgerald reveals that both dreams are complete illusions. Those who follow the dream are manipulated into believing that they lead to true happiness when in fact they are lead to their demise. Throughout the novel, Fitzgerald†¦show more content†¦You [Daisy Buchanan] always have a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock. The idea of Gatsbys love for Daisy is perpetually indicated through the use of the color green. Gatsbys entire life had a sole purpose which was to obtain Daisy and to have his love returned. Gatsbys desire and love had hypnotized him into believing an illusion of Daisy that he had concocted in his mind, in which she was portrayed as innocent, virginal, and loving person which was far from reality. There must have been momentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams - not through her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. In order to reach the light, Gatsby had to acquire a respected position in society and also he had to acquire money in order to satisfy Daisys shallowness and greed. Rich girls dont marry poor boys. Her [Daisy] voice is full of money. The color green is also open to represent the money and prosperity, which Gatsby has obtained over the years in order to finally reunite himself with Daisy and win her love, finally fulfilling his life-long agenda. Money rules the lives of all the characters in the story, and more importantly, Fitzgerald also shows money is the sole motivation for the American society during the 1920s. Throughout the novel Fitzgerald uses many other images or symbols. At first, it may seem very basic,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald 1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Gatsby-one of the most interesting books that describes American life and society in the 1920s.Novel was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Story primarily describes the young, mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his passion for the beautiful Daisy Buchanan. Novel includes themes of idealism, resistance to change, social differences, American dream, Injustice, power, betrayal, Importance of money, careless, callousness. Scott Fitzgerald sets up his novel into separate social groupsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald1280 Words   |  5 Pagesto showcase her innocence. When Nick meets Daisy in the beginning of the novel he notices her and Jordan Baker on the couch saying, â€Å"Daisy and Jordan lay upon an enormous couch, like silver idols weighing down their own white dresses†(122). While Gatsby does not represent purity because of his adulterous and illegal lifestyle, white represents purity because it is clean and unaltered. Daisy is again seen laying on the â€Å"enormous couch† waiting for something to occur. She acts like she cannot doRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald726 Words   |  3 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald showcases characters illusions in the novel The Great Gatsby. Each of the characters gets wrapped up in the dream that they all wanted to live. The Great Gatsby is a novel about the American dream and the illusion is that one can be happy through wealth, power or fame. Gatsby, Myrtle, and George all had an illusion thinking they can live the american dream. Fitzgerald shows many illusions in the Great Gatsby. Throughout the novel Gatsby always wanted to be wealthy, thinking thatRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald559 Words   |  2 Pages Purity The Great Gatsby, a novel written in the 1920’s by F. Scott Fitzgerald, generates symbolism of characters through the use of simple diction to create a wild romance built on the past, deceit, mischief, and fraud of personality. Moreover, the setting and its different locations, signifies two distinct ways of life: East, old money, and West, new money. Although the locations are judged by material wealth, the people and their behavior are quite alike. Myrtle Wilson, Daisy Buchanan, purityRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald574 Words   |  2 PagesTake a look around you, and you will find a myriad of different colors in which you might not think much of, but in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald colors represent different ideas. Fitzgerald utilizes symbolism in the colors of certain objects throughout the novel to reveal a deeper meanings and to enhance the reader’s experience. Fitzgerald introduces Gatsby while he is reaching his hand out to a green li ght across the bay; the color green stands for something unattainable yet desirableRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald768 Words   |  3 Pageswith your life and most importantly, yourself. In the fictitious novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the characters who have money at their disposal are constantly looking for something else to fulfill their longing to have a meaningful life. Despite it’s problem-solving reputation, money isn’t what it’s chalked up to be, the characters with excessive money aren’t sincerely happy with their lives. Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, Daisy Buchanan, and Jordan Baker and never satisfied with theirRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald1695 Words   |  7 Pagespeople and events, or even to be deliberately misleading the reader.† (Margree par. 1). The well-known novel The Great Gatsby by Scott Fitzgerald, introduces readers to a story where everything may not be necessarily true. The beau ty of this novel is that the readers actually get to decide what they want or do not want to believe. This is all due to Nick Carraway, the narrator of The Great Gatsby. Nick is prejudice and has various faults like dishonesty and being oblivious to himself. A character/narratorRead MoreThe Character of Daisy Buchanan in The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Character of Daisy Buchanan in the novel - The Great Gatsby - by F.Scott Fitzgerald Daisy is The Great Gatsby’s most enigmatic, and perhaps most disappointing, character. Although Fitzgerald does much to make her a character worthy of Gatsby’s unlimited devotion, in the end she reveals herself for what she really is. Despite her beauty and charm, Daisy is merely a selfish, shallow, and in fact, hurtful, woman. Gatsby loves her (or at least the idea of her) with such vitality and determinationRead MoreFailure to Achieve the American Dream in The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald1020 Words   |  4 Pages Failure to Achieve the American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American dream is the idea that was presented through American literature. The Dreamer aspires to rise from rags to riches, while engrossing in such things as wealth, love on his way to the top and to West Egg. In 1920’s early settler’s rooted to the United States Declaration of Independence who demonstrates that â€Å"All men are equal†. The dream of a land that life can be better place that is richer and fuller for every man that givesRead MoreDepicting the Difference Between Reality and Illusion in ‘A Streetcar named Desire’ by Tennessee Williams and ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F.Scott Fitzgerald1740 Words   |  7 Pageswhich both texts portray individuals in the grip of dreams and illusions ‘A Streetcar named Desire’ by Tennessee Williams and ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F.Scott Fitzgerald both depict the conflict between reality and illusion centring on the desire to achieve the ‘American dream,’ which causes many characters in the texts to become engulfed in dreams and fantasy. Gatsby and Blanche are the protagonists of the texts not only due to their central role in the plots, but also that they are characters who

Tutorial of Enterpreneur - 1126 Words

Tutorial 8 (topic 7) Preparing A Proper Ethical And Legal Foundation Q1. In general, do entrepreneurs tend to overestimate or underestimate their knowledge of the laws that pertain to starting a new firm? What does answer to this question suggest that entrepreneurs do before they start a firm? In general, entrepreneurs tend to overestimate their knowledge of the laws that pertain to starting a new firm. Before entrepreneurs start a firm, they should seek for lawyer to get some legal advice, get sources and information about the business, refer to book, or search the information thru the internet about the legal issue that they face. Q2. Describe what is meant by the terms code of conduct and ethics training programs. What is their†¦show more content†¦Q3. Describe what a founders’ agreement is and why it’s important for a team of entrepreneurs to have one in place when launching a venture. A founder agreement is a written that deals with issues such as the relative split of the equity among the founders of the firm, how individual founders will be compensated for the cash or the â€Å"sweat equity† they put into the firm, and how long the founders will have to remain with the firm for their shares to fully vest. It means founder agreement is a formal document that mention about the profit sharing between the founders by following the amount of initial investment between the founders. Items that include in a founders’ agreement are nature of the prospective business, a brief business plan, legal form of business ownership, buyback clause, description of the initial operating capital and others. It is important for a team of entrepreneurs to have one in place when launching a venture because it can avoid the conflict such the problem between the founders regarding the profit sharing and distribution of stock at the end of the business, avoid litigation, and to know the expectation of their own role in the organization. Therefore, founders’ agreement is important to act as a set of rules or guideline while founders are conducting their business and it can reduce most of the issues that can harm the performance of a business. Q4. Describe the purpose of

Essay about Healthy Aging Interview - 1812 Words

Mrs. Maxine - Demographics and Beyond Mrs. Maxine represents my archetypal view of the healthy seasoned citizen. Maxine is a Caucasian female born in rural, Mullens, West Virginia in 1926. She is the only child of a Southern Baptist, middle class family. Joseph Hammond, her father, was a farmer. Her mother, Ruby, was a full-time parent and prided herself on running the house. Maxine explained that farmers wifes were routinely responsible for the day-to-day operations of the household. Her Southern Baptist faith was complements of her parents and minister grandfather. Maxines life is a faith-filled journey engulfed with multiple personal tragedies. The first tragedy struck Maxine in the fall of 1928. The†¦show more content†¦They invested heavily in ATT stock and owned multiple rental properties. Cecil died in 1993 from Parkinsons Disease. Maxine married Deacon Curtis Killen, a widower and fellow church member in 1994. They continue active involvement with their religious community as it nears its seventy-fifth anniversary. The Interview During a series of interviews, we explored the following topics: #61623; What is your definition of aging? Maxine thought this question was quite basic. However, after much thought she stated that aging is simply advancing in age. Upon further questioning she explained that her definition is a view of the total process of aging. She does not define aging in a biological, functional, psychological, sociologic or spiritual domain. #61623; What are you key accomplishments (e.g., active in specific areas, social contributions, volunteer activities, and unique or adventurous activities)? Maxine explained that what she considers her key accomplishments are not actions which society typically views as dramatic. Her most notable accomplishment is living to be seventy-two years old. Once we acknowledged her age, she began to detail her almost life long connection with her church and subsequent Christian community. She stressed that she has been an active, almost lifelong member of this Christian community for the last fifty-four years. During a humorous moment she acknowledged that sheShow MoreRelatedThe Older Adult I Had The Opportunity To Interview Was1074 Words   |  5 Pages The older adult I had the opportunity to interview was my boyfriend s step grandmother. I met her a few years ago when we took a vacation in Florida, and thought she would be a great person to interview, because she is outgoing and has aged well. I conducted a telephone interview for this assignment, because she is currently in Florida for the remainder of the Spring season. The interviewee was born in Portland, Maine in 1942, and is seventy-five years old. She had four older brothers, one olderRead MoreAnalysis Of Catrinel Craciun And Uwe Flick1092 Words   |  5 Pagespositions perceive aging which is done by Catrinel Craciun and Uwe Flick. The study brought in twenty participants with different social security backgrounds and insurance situations. Episodic interviews were conducted to probe their ideas of the concepts of aging and perceptions of aging. The results were compared to each other by ten for each of the economic and insurance situations and also compared eleven men to nine women. The methods section comprised of an episodic interview that focused onRead MoreHealth Case Study781 Words   |  4 PagesResults The sample for this study comprised of 68 men and women who were randomly divided into two groups of 34 with 17 men and 17 women in each group. Each participant submitted to a face-to-face interview and a complete medical physical, including the collection of blood and urine samples, at conducted at the onset of this study and at the conclusion to determine the current state of health for each participant at that time. The results from the data collected showed that of the 68 total participantsRead MoreOlder Adult s Beliefs On Aging1583 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last several decades, many have developed different beliefs and perspective on the process of aging. Their view on aging could have been influenced by their own age, gender, time, society, culture, and other countless factors. The purpose of this paper is to explore an older adult’s beliefs on aging by interviewing three people from different age group; an adolescent (ages 14-20), a middle-aged person (ages 45-60), and an older adult (age 70-100 or older). The people I interviewed are ChristianRead MoreElderly Interview1449 Words   |  6 PagescRunning head: ELDER INTERVIEW Elder Interview Jorge Fernandez Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing NURS 3313 – Care of the Healthy Aging Adult Elder Interview General Appearance Normal Signs of Aging Mrs. L is a 64 year old female Caucasian who lives in West Texas. Her hair is naturally gray, but she dyes it, and appears thin and evenly distributed on her head. There are no signs of baldness but her hair is thinning. Tabloski (2006) states â€Å"the hair of a older personRead MoreErikson s Theory, Ego Integrity Versus Despair1209 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermine healthy or maladaptive behavior. (Berk, 2010). The final psychological conflict in Erikson’s theory, ego integrity versus despair, involves coming to terms with one’s life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements. The negative outcome, despair, occurs when aging adults feel they have made many wrong decisions, and may become overwhelmed with bitterness, defeat, and hopelessness (Berk, 2010). The women that I chose to interview seemRead MoreAn Interview With A Healthy, Non Institutionalized Elderly Latino1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe paper is based on an interview with a healthy, non-institutionalized elderly Latino man in relation to the current nursing techniques. The focus on this individual helps to investigate the relationship between the race/ethnicity, psychosocial characteristics and the United States nursing home utilization projections. Notably, focusing on the individual aged 65 years and above helps analyze the characteristics of the baby boom generation in its entrance to retirement age. Consideration of thisRead MoreMalnutrition Of Older Adults : Malnutrition977 Words   |  4 Pagesolder people.(Aging Health,2012) Under nutrition occurs when one does not eat enough which can lead to weight loss and other health issues such as poor wound healing and exacerbate more chronic health conditions such as wasting away from HIV.(Aging Health,2012) Over nutrition can lead to weight gain leading to morbid obesity with can cause a host of other issues such as developing diabetes and also exacerbate other chronic health conditions such as hypertension and heart disease.(Aging Health,2012)Read MoreCognitive Impairment With Older Age1553 Words   |  7 Pagesimpairment during aging, it was shown that often times it the decline is due to aging, but there are signs and symptoms that those entering their older years may want to look for, as well as those who love and care for them (National Institute on Aging, 2014). Nurses need to be aware of when the elders are simply aging and if there is more to the memory lapses than just getting older. Nurses can be the eyes and ears for physician, if he or she were expecting something unusual in an aging patient, however;Read MoreWelcome To The First Look At Intergenerosity. Our Mission1314 Words   |  6 Pagesto help young families with childcare and tutoring.   Ã‚  They may even be interested in tea ching classes that are no longer required in schools.   InterGENerosity offers diversity in the employment it provides to create the best fit and promote active aging.   Not all older adults desire to run around after children or have the physical capabilities to do so but, they are still interested in sharing their knowledge.   Tutoring or teaching skills such as cooking, crafts, or financing are ways older adults

Bottom of the Pyramid Free Essays

string(30) " returns will be the highest\." The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: potential and challenges Dennis A. Pitta The University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall ? Ponti? cia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this article is to examine the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) proposition, where private companies can both be pro? table and help alleviate poverty by attending low-income consumers. Design/methodology/approach – The literature on BOP was reviewed and some key elements of the BOP approach were proposed and examined. We will write a custom essay sample on Bottom of the Pyramid or any similar topic only for you Order Now Findings – There is no agreement in the literature about the potential bene? ts of the BOP approach for both private companies and low-income consumers. However, further research on characterizing the BOP segment and ? nding the appropriate business model for attending the BOP can provide some answers to this issue. Practical implications – The article provides some guidelines to managers as to how they need to adapt their marketing strategies to sell to the BOP market, and what type of partnerships they need to build in order to succeed. Originality/value – The article presents a thorough analysis of the key elements involved in the BOP initiative: companies’ motivations, characterization of the BOP consumers, and the business model to attend the BOP. Keywords Private sector organizations, Emerging markets, Consumers, Poverty, Disadvantaged groups Paper type Research paper underpin the concept, and refutes its basic premises. Instead of a market of untapped potential, this literature stream sees a ? nancial desert that BOP principles may harm more than help. The BOP may be a less a source of signi? cant pro? ts than a source of serious losses. Karnani’s analysis posits that the poor may want the same products as the rich do but by virtue of being poor, they cannot afford them. The poor spend most of their income on food, clothing, and fuel. For the poor, the mathematics are clear: buying a branded product reduces the funds they must devote to survival. In contrast, Karnani suggests that raising income will alleviate their poverty, provide cost effective products to other consumers, and allow the formerly poor to consume more. Raising their incomes may require that they become producers with stable jobs and wages. Both viewpoints concentrate on the poor but draw different onclusions about how to alleviate their poverty. The two positions also differ in the nature and proper role of industry and government. In light of the differences, the argument would bene? t from empirical data that tests the underlying premises of each viewpoint. Verifying the premises would allow further logical analysis of implications and appl ications of the concept. In fact, the need for clari? cation is recognized. In the next section, the authors provide some foundations for the most traditional and still dominant approach to market, i. e. the focus on the â€Å"top of the pyramid† (TOP). The rest of the article focuses on the â€Å"bottom of the pyramid† (BOP); it explores Prahalad’s proposition and the opposing viewpoint, reviews key aspects of the BOP initiative – companies’ motivation; the BOP business model; the role of micro? nance; and the key participants – and proposes some implications and challenges for marketing theory and practice, and ? nally some implications for marketers. An executive summary for managers and executive readers can be found at the end of this issue. Introduction The bottom of the pyramid (BOP) approach to earning corporate pro? ts has gained considerable attention in the arketing literature. It has awakened managers to the potential of serving an unserved market and alleviating the level of global poverty while still earning a pro? t. However, the BOP proposition, while clear, appealing, and enlightening has not been accepted in an unquali? ed manner. One branch of the BOP literature puts forth the el ements of the BOP proposition and supports its ? ndings with numerous case studies (Prahalad, 2004). Those studies portray the poor as motivated by similar desires as the rich. They want quality products and any company that can supply those products at he right price will gain their business. Some of the case studies show the strategies for reducing the effective price of products through packaging and developing lower cost sizes. Prahalad and others describe the untapped potential of the BOP, and list strategies that companies may use to tap that potential. An opposing branch of the literature (Karnani, 2007a; Martinez and Carbonell, 2007) analyzes the nature of the BOP market, the applicability of the case studies that The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/0736-3761. htm Journal of Consumer Marketing 5/7 (2008) 393– 401 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0736-3761] [DOI 10. 1108/07363760810915608] 393 The que st for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 The â€Å"top of the pyramid† customers, and labeled them as Platinum or Gold. In contrast, those with lower to very low LCV’s earn the value labels, Iron and Lead. They point out that a single Gold or Platinum customer may have a Lifetime Customer Value, many times higher than that of someone in the Iron or Lead tier. Speci? ally, one Platinum customer may be worth more than â€Å"tons† of those labeled as Lead. Conceptually, identifying value and potential pro? t deriving from the top of the pyramid is straightforward and represents traditional organization goals. Companies can use standard market segmentation and product differentiation to satisfy these tiers. Dealing with these customers requires professionalism, but the normal market research processes, product development, channels of distribution, promotion, and credit functions should result in success. Thus, Zeithaml and her coauthors showed companies how to use their tried and trusted arketing approaches to maximize effectiveness and pro? tability. The key is to serve those customers most likely to generate pro? ts instead of losses. The justi? cation is clear: companies have limited resources and should concentrate their efforts where the returns will be the highest. You read "Bottom of the Pyramid" in category "Essay examples" They demonstrated the value at the top of the pyramid (TOP) and shared strategies for serving those customers while discouraging or even â€Å"? ring† the lower, money-losing tiers. For pro? t seeking companies, the customer pyramid approach is appropriate and allows them the best chances to survive in typically competitive markets. Not surprisingly, the â€Å"top of the pyramid† (TOP) approach is at the heart of Western business practice. Traditionally, businesses require a set of four conditions to operate successfully in a market segment. The segment must be identi? able, measurable, substantial, and accessible. In Western economies, business and communication infrastructures are developed suf? ciently to meet all of the criteria for most segments. Arguably, while all four conditions are important, the substantial and accessible elements are the more important. For a pro? t-making ? rm, the segment must be large enough to generate pro? s. If that condition is satis? ed, it is critical that consumers in the segment be reachable by communications media to receive promotional messages. In addition, they must be physically accessible to distribution alternatives. From a pro? t perspective, companies concentrate on those areas in which they can be effective, namely segments that meet all four requirements. Serving the TOP inevitably means a focus on pro? ts instead of revenues, and pro? ts are central to Western business. In practice, over time, numerous Western companies have ceded market share or entire markets to others when the pro? ts eclined. One prime example is the computer memory chip market. Memory chips were once produced exclusively in the US and Europe. As Asian competitors entered the market, they cut prices at the expense of pro? ts. Their goal was to make chips; the US ? rms wanted to make pro? ts. Consequently, US ? rms abandoned the marketplace and searched for targets that were more pro? table. European and US companies still make chips. Their dominance of the microprocessor markets is the result of the strategic quest for pro? tability. However, European or US players do not dominate the huge market for memory chips. To be accurate, the US companies’ actions are not driven solely by the desire to earn pro? ts. Their organization, corporate culture, and internal processes require economies of scale, which demand exploiting the richest target markets. In many cases, successful companies have evolved into ef? cient machines whose foundation is high structural cost. Thus targeting the most lucrative segments is vital for continued success. Pro? t, in its simplest form, is the surplus of revenue over costs. If companies can drive costs low enough, it is conceivable that prices might be low enough for the poor to fford and high enough to generate a pro? t. However, earning a pro? t with such customers today takes enormous effort. More important, companies that exist today may be unable to drive costs low enough to succeed. In fact, costs are only one part of the equation. The underlying problem is that companies are ill equipped to serve the poorest customers. They don’t really know what the poor want and don’t know what bene? ts they seek in products and services. In addition, companies may not know what mix of product bene? ts, price, quality, promotion, and distribution works best for this segment. However, the focus on pro? ts has led to success. Recognizing the importance of pro? ts, Zeithaml and her colleagues have worked on the customer pyramid concept (Zeithaml et al. , 2001). Without using the term, they focused explicitly on the â€Å"top of the pyramid,† those consumers with the highest lifetime customer value (LCV). By dividing the customer pyramid into four sections called customer pro? tability tiers, they identi? ed the â€Å"best,† most pro? table The â€Å"bottom of the pyramid† approach Prahalad’s proposition In the book The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Pro? ts, C. K. Prahalad (2004), provided that initial conceptualization that had been missing in marketing thought. His book succeeded in planting the perception that consumers with low levels of income could be pro? table customers. He painted a picture of the double bottom line: social goals combined with the business objective, pro? t (Harjula, 2005). Coincidently, he appealed to the best motives among those at the top of the pyramid. By citing examples of successful attempts to empower the poor and share in global wealth, he kindled the imagination of those who want the world to be a better place. This is an ppealing proposition: â€Å"low-income markets present a prodigious opportunity for the world’s wealthiest companies – to seek their fortunes and bring prosperity to the aspiring poor† (Prahalad and Hart, 2002). Prahalad’s proposition is an invitation to company executives, politicians, managers of non-pro? t organizations, and ordinary citizens, to view pover ty as something that might be alleviated rather than inevitable. He presents a wellreasoned conceptual view – supported with case study data – of how companies might mine pro? ts from the lowest economic strata (Hart, 2005; Prahalad, 2004). Much of the reatment centers on the nature and scope of pro? ts and the collective wealth of consumers at the bottom of the pyramid (BOP). The main thesis of Prahalad’s work rests on the idea that the potential growth for many multinational (MNC) and medium sized companies does not rest on the small highincome market in the developing world. Instead, its source is the mass low-income people that are joining the market for the ? rst time. This idea goes against the following 394 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 assumptions, which, according to Prahalad, most MNC’s make: it is not pro? table for them to attend the BOP due to their high cost structure; the low-income segment cannot afford the products and services they sell; and only developed markets value innovation and will pay for new technology. These arguments imply that governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGO’s) should take care of the low-income segment. According to Prahalad, marketers who believe that the BOP is a valuable unserved market also believe that even the poor can be good customers. Despite their low level of income, they are discerning consumers who want value and are well aware of the value brands favored by more af? uent consumers. This school of thought recognizes the obstacle that low income creates. It postulates that if companies take the correct steps and devote suf? cient resources to satisfying the needs of the BOP, they can overcome barriers to consumption. This view rests on Prahalad’s calculations of the immense size of the global BOP, in his view, a $1. 3 trillion dollar market. Prahalad recognizes that serving the low-income sector requires a commercial strategy in response to the needs of hose people; to succeed, other players have to get involved – mainly local and central government, ? nancial institutions, and NGOs. He proposes four key elements to thrive in the low-income market: 1 creating buying power; 2 shaping aspirations through product innovation and consumer education; 3 improving access through better distribution and co mmunication systems; and 4 tailoring local solutions. opportunities and poverty eradication through pro? ts may set unrealistic expectations for business executives (McFalls, 2007). Second, the traditional timelines for achieving social goods versus pro? s differ (Harjula, 2005). Businesses may use a ? ve-year horizon as their benchmark for returns. In contrast, social goals like reducing smoking and other unhealthy lifestyle behaviors may take generations. Thus, rather than viewing the poor primarily as consumers, this group suggest a focus on this segment as producers, i. e. potential entrepreneurs that can improve their economic situation by increasing their income level. Companies must be willing to invest time, resources and training to insure that the producers create products with some barriers to entry and a reasonable level of productivity. They need to do so to avoid the trap of producing commodities that are easy to duplicate and, thereby, keep the poor, poor. Otherwise, alleviating poverty becomes very unlikely. Reconciling the two opposing viewpoints It is clear from the previous discussion that ? ndings in the literature about the nature, scope, and value of the BOP proposition are mixed. More research is needed on this topic to gain an accurate view of the presence and extent of opportunities at the bottom of the pyramid. The following sections examine some key elements of the BOP initiative that have been, acknowledged in the literature; speci? ally, the ? rms’ motivations to attend the BOP market, the characterization of the BOP consumers, and the BOP business model. The latter element focuses on three major issues: the role of micro? nance, the importance of establishing alliances among different actors (e. g. for-pro? t ? rms, NGOs, governments), and how for-pro? t companies need to adapt their marketin g mix to attend the BOP pro? tably. The opposing viewpoint The second literature thread emerged years later in the discussion and represents a thoughtful attempt to verify the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) concept. It questions the ease with which companies may tap the BOP and whether pro? ts exist there at all (Karnani, 2007a). First, this group dismisses the published calculations about the size of the BOP and its wealth. They describe the economic size of the BOP as considerably smaller than Prahalad’s estimate and cite the inherent subsistence problem: the poor spend 80 percent of their income on food, clothing, and fuel. There is hardly anything left to spend after that (Karnani, 2007b). Second, they argue that it is very unlikely that companies will be able to attend the BOP market pro? tably. In fact, the costs of serving this segment can be very high. BOP customers are usually much dispersed geographically; they are very heterogeneous, which reduces the opportunities for obtaining signi? cant economies of scale; and their individual transactions usually represent a low amount of money. In addition, consumers at the BOP are very price sensitive, which, again, makes pro? tability a dif? cult goal to achieve. Those factors show that the ideal that both pro? ts and social good can result from serving the BOP is questionable. First, each goal has different motivations, demands, and echanisms to satisfy and they can be contradictory. The differences between business realities and development imperatives are not easy to reconcile. Some recent case study work suggests that the early language around the inclusive capitalism idea that emphasizes unlimited business Firms’ motivation to attend the BOP market A comprehensive examination of the BOP approach requires ?rst an und erstanding of why for-pro? t companies engage in such an initiative. The literature suggests two main motivations that companies have to attend the BOP market: 1 they can convert this segment’s purchasing power into ro? ts; and 2 they can bring prosperity to the poor, and thus alleviate poverty. ? For example, in the 1970s, Nestle was able to contribute to social progress while developing a competitive advantage and making pro? ts in Moga, a district in India. With the purpose ? of establishing local and diverse sources of milk, Nestle built many refrigerated diaries and then sent its trucks to collect product while providing ? nancing, nutritional supplements, and assistance and training to the farmers. With this action, ? Nestle increased its milk production and the suppliers’ roductivity, improved the quality of the product and ? processes, and increased the penetration of other Nestle products in the region. In turn, farmers raised their standard ? of living; Nestl e was able to pay higher prices, and farmers were then able to obtain credit. A second case illustrates how a focus on the BOP can be an important strategic goal, with two dimensions: pro? tability and corporate social responsibility. Masisa is a leading company in the production and trade of wood boards for furniture and interior architecture in Latin America. It has 395 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 established the goal of generating 15 percent of the revenues from inclusive businesses, i. e. the bottom of the pyramid, before 2012. Under their de? nition, inclusive businesses must be pro? table, and socially/environmentally responsible. They expect to help improve the standard of living for low-income people by facilitating their participation in the value chain as suppliers, distributors, or other element of the hannel, and by providing them with access to products and services that can help them improve their socio-economic condition. cooperatively owned items like a television, a telephone, an electric generator, medical services, or even something to help make products for sale. Managing that sum for the common good presents a major dilemma: community welfare versus individual choice. People in the BOP would need a high sense of community involvement and consumer education to make responsible choices. A non-pro? t community action organization or a socially conscious business would be very helpful in marshalling cooperation. However, too many of the poor make poor choices like spending money on tobacco instead of food for their children. Even if this optimistic level of potential purchasing power exists, harnessing it for pro? t will be extremely dif? cult. One further concern questions this premise. Traditionally, serving the poor was the role of charities, not for pro? t, and other non-governmental organizations. Much of the excitement that the BOP proposition has generated stems from the inclusion of pro? t making companies in the process. The thought is that pro? t will be a powerful goad toward achieving success. Pro? t is clearly an incentive but beyond the cases cited in Prahalad’s work, there is little proof that companies can make the shift. More empirical data would aid the process of developing purchasing power. Purchasing power and pro? tability Karnani (2007a) notes that BOP concept rests on a fuzzy de? nition of the target market. It is dif? cult to ? nd an article in the BOP literature that does not cite the now popular ?gure: four billion. Four billion originally referred to those people who primarily live in developing countries and whose annual per capital income is under US$1,500 per annum. Some of the literature takes as an article of faith that the BOP exists and earns that level of income. The perception is that individually the consumers are poor but together they represent massive purchasing power. However, authors de? ne the BOP income level using several standards, which obscures its true nature. For example, Hammond et al. (2007) consider the bottom of the pyramid as composed of people with per capita incomes below $3,000 in local purchasing power. Prahalad (2004) states that there are more than four billion people with per capita income below $2 per day at purchasing power parity (PPP) rates ($750 per year). This is a signi? cant reduction in previous estimates: four billion people with per capita income below $1,500 per year ($4 per day) (Prahalad and Hart, 2002), or four billion people with per capita income below $2,000 per year ($6 per day) (Prahalad and Hammond, 2002). Other contemporary sources like the World Bank estimated the number at 2. 7 billion, in 2001. However, other researchers characterize the World Bank projection as an overestimation, with some experts estimating the poor at 600 million (The Economist, 2004). The differences range from four billion to 600 million, a large enough gap to cause oncern. The three reported income levels range from $2-6 per day. The $2 per day criterion is consistent with previous literature in development economics. It is important to understand that how to alleviate poverty depends on the de? nition of poverty. Using the $2 per day ? gure presents different challenges than the higher levels: people who earn less than $2 per day have very di fferent needs and priorities than people who earn $4-6 per day. Adopting the higher poverty line obscures these differences (Karnani, 2007b) and overestimates the potential at the BOP. In principle, it is clear that collectively the mass of poor customers do hold wealth. However, an additional problem is that they do not hold it in the right concentrations. If one considers a hypothetical example, the nature of the wealth at the BOP may become a bit clearer. If a village of 1,000 adults earns an average of US$750 per year (the $2 per day ? gure), the gross earnings of the village are signi? cant. However, the question becomes how much remains after satisfying the necessities. Even if an impressive 10 percent of income remains per household, that translates into $0. 0 per day. It is dif? cult to perceive how such small sums might generate pro? ts. Collectively, the village may have $200 per day in â€Å"disposable income. † That might translate into community- Poverty alleviation and prosperity to the poor From a social responsibility perspective, there are distinct differences between a market-based approach to poverty reduction and approaches that are more traditional. Traditional approaches often focus on the very poor, proceeding from the assumption that they are unable to help themselves and thus need charity or public assistance. In contrast, a market-based approach starts from the recognition that being poor does not eliminate commerce and market processes: virtually all poor households trade cash or labor to meet a signi? cant part of their basic needs. The latter approach is the one for-pro? t companies have embraced to pursue the BOP initiative. The argument regarding poverty is that the poor face undeveloped distribution outlets and must pay monopoly prices for the goods they desire. In addition, they are unable to afford the standard quantities and qualities of products offered to richer consumers. This is consistent with Hammond et al. (2007), who describe people at the BOP as having signi? cant unmet needs, and being dependent on informal or subsistence livelihoods. They are vulnerable, poorly integrated to the formal economy, and impacted by a BOP penalty under which they pay higher prices for basic goods and services than wealthier consumers. Successful attempts to bring quality products to the poor at affordable prices would overcome the high price of poor distribution (Martinez and Carbonell, 2007). In that sense, it would increase their purchasing power by bringing previously unaffordable goods within their budgets. However, the $2 per day income limit is a signi? cant obstacle and may make this goal impossible to attain. There is some hope in alleviating poverty but it is more in line with Karnani’s vision of the poor as producers who are able to boost their income suf? ciently to rise above the bottom of the BOP. The very recent example of ITC Limited outlined the distribution based economic problems faced by poor farmers in India. There are many factors that affect the ? ow of goods and services in and out of rural areas, and thus reduce the rural population’s income and quality of life 96 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 (Vachani and Smith, 2008). While the major source of problems was the poor transportation infrastructure, other factors operate to keep disadvantaged groups like poor Indian farmers in poverty. Buyers b ully them into accepting â€Å"buyers’ prices. † Moreover, farmers are ignorant of their rights and the market value of their crops. In addition, they pay monopoly prices for the items they need. These factors act to keep them at a disadvantage and unable to earn the proper income from their efforts. By addressing farmers’ lack of information about the current value of their crops, the best seed to use for high yields, proper farming practice, and alternative outlets for their crops, ITC increased their welfare. To accomplish this, ITC set up a parallel distribution system, which led to increases in farmers’ income and consumption. The effort started at the grassroots with ITC hiring agents already in the ? eld and rewarding them for improvements in farmer welfare and consumption. The company placed computers with satellite based internet connections in each village and taught farmers to use them to assess current crop pricing. ITC guaranteed to match or exceed the prices offered by others. In addition, ITC provided products farmers needed like seed at a discount from the existing retailers. There was signi? cant â€Å"missionary† education aimed at allaying the farmer’s fears of exploitation. After a few farmers tried the system, more of them signed on. The result was increased income, higher satisfaction, more independence, and lower cost to purchase supplies. The example is encouraging and demonstrates the commitment and stamina organizations need to operate at the BOP. ITC set up a private distribution network that was more closely associated with a cooperative than the typical channel. Farmers and grassroots agents who knew their needs very well cooperated to operate the channel and share in its economic bene? ts. In essence, ITC adopted Karnani’s model of buying from BOP producers to raise their level of income developing them into pro? table customers. Can companies really generate pro? ts and alleviate poverty at the BOP? This example seems to show that they can. It also shows the extent to which companies will have to re-engineer their approaches and operations to succeed. There is some data on the changes in the size of the BOP that aid in forecasting the future. Chen and Ravallion (2007) report a decline in the proportion of people living under the poverty line in the developing world over the period 19812004. That represents a reduction of about 0. 8 percent points per year over the period. Separate from the numbers, the question remains, â€Å"Who are BOP customers? † Current demographic labels such as â€Å"blue-collar’ or working-class,† fail to capture the extreme level of poverty. As marketers gain more experience with the BOP, it is possible that other useful differentiations may emerge based on speci? c variables, such as behavioral or psychographic. The global distribution of BOP customers adds another factor to consider: culture. The cultures of Latin America, Asia, and Africa differ widely. It is logical that differences in culture will affect future attempts to understand the needs of the BOP segments. In general, D’Andrea et al. (2004) ? nd that consumers at the BOP spend a higher portion of their income on consumer goods (50 to 75 percent), as compared to wealthier segments (around 35 percent). These authors also ? nd that, due to their limited and unstable cash ? ow, lowincome consumers tend to shop daily and spend small amounts of money each time. Then too, they are reluctant to buy in places that are located far away from their homes. The ? ndings show that â€Å"stay at home† mothers make most of the purchases and family spending decisions; by doing this, they ful? ll roles as wife, mother, and household manager. Companies currently devote resources to listening to the voice of the customer and are con? dent in their efforts with currently serviced segments. A change of focus to the BOP ill require new techniques, and freedom from â€Å"accepted knowledge. † The BOP is so radically different that companies will have to ignore what they know as â€Å"truths† that may not apply anymore. Faulty new product development eradicates the potential for pro? t and unfamiliar product development (NPD) territory increases the risks of failure. Firms can increas e their NPD success rates by integrating consumers into the process as boundary spanning team members instead of mere respondents to surveys. Thus, product development will bene? t from the input of customers at the lowest levels of income (Pitta and Franzak, 1997). However, that initiative will be supremely different from current successes. A good example of how companies, NGOs, governments, and other institutions can collaborate in this aspect is the formation of BOP learning laboratories (McFalls, 2007). The laboratories were designed to investigate the complex factors that interact at the BOP as well as opportunities for both sustainable and human development. More initiatives like this one are needed, as well as research on the characteristics of the BOP consumers. Characterization of BOP consumers A fundamental requirement to attend the BOP market uccessfully is to know deeply the characteristics of the people in this segment. Some academic studies and reports from NGOs have contributed re? ning the understanding of the BOP: how many they are, where they are located, what their income level is, and what some of their characteristics in terms of needs and habits are. According to Hammond et al. (2007), the BOP is concentrated in four region al areas: Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. 12. 3 percent of the BOP lives in Africa, 72. 2 percent in Asia, 6. 4 percent in Eastern Europe and the remaining 9. 1 percent lives in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rural areas dominate most BOP markets in Africa and Asia while urban areas dominate most in Eastern Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. Estimates of the size of the BOP in US dollars or buying power approximate $1. 3 trillion. The Asia market has a buying power of $742 billion, Latin America market is $229 billion, the Eastern Europe market $135 billion and Africa $120. The BOP business model In spite of the opposing viewpoints in the literature regarding the extent to which there is a business opportunity at the BOP, there is agreement that serving the low-income sector ro? tably requires a different business model (Chesbrough et al. , 2006; Prahalad and Hart, 2002). Prahalad and Hart (2002) state â€Å"doing business with the world’s four billion poorest people – two thirds of the world’s population – will require radical innovations in technology and business models†. Moreover, the market at the BOP requires a 3 97 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 combination of low cost, good quality, sustainability, and pro? ability (Prahalad and Hart, 2002). As a result, for-pro? t ? rms need to understand how the BOP segment differs from upper tiers, and adapt the marketing approach to meet the characteristics of consumers at the bottom. Prahalad’s concentration on the bottom of the pyramid requires a sea change in a company’s approach to business. Attempts to reap pro? ts from the BOP using current marketing techniques will fail. Failure will result because the products are too expensive or complicated, are not available in small enough quantities or sizes, or are simply not what the poor want. The BOP is not low hanging fruit. It is a market with potential, and achieving that potential will require costly effort and innovative strategies (Seelos and Mair, 2007). Even with a completely new management approach, evidence suggests that pro? ts at the bottom of the pyramid may be elusive (Karnani, 2007a). The literature suggest that the three most critical aspects in developing a new business model to serve the BOP are the access to credit, the establishment of alliances, and the adaptation of the marketing mix. The following subsections address these issues. still in its early stage in countries like Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina. Most of the banks that have participated in micro? nance are large commercial banks in search of new and attractive markets. The main reasons for commercial banks to attend the BOP have been: . the strong competition among large banks; . the evidence by NGOs supporting the BOP initiative; . the social responsibility dimension; . the opportunity to diversify their business operation; and . the possibility of working together with other institutions, like NGOs and governments. According to Westley (2007), by the end of 2005, there were 30 commercial banks in Latin America oriented to the microentrepreneurs. The establishment of alliances There is recognition that serving the BOP requires the involvement of multiple players, including private companies, governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), ?nancial institutions, and other organizations – e. g. communities – (Prahalad and Hart, 2002). By infusing the pro? t motive into value creation, the hope is that private companies will take the leading role in serving the BOP and, thus, the purpose of alleviating poverty will more likely succeed. Prahalad and Hart (2002) suggest that, among private companies, multinational corporations (MNC) with extensive ? ancial resources are in the best position to lead the process of selling to the poor. However, MNC’s have built-in weaknesses that limit their potential for success with these consumers. They are simply too large, too rigid and too far from the customer to be effective. Instead of the top down approach that MNC’s represent (McFalls, 2007; Harjula, 2005), a bottom up process is necessary (Karnani, 2007a). Changing perspectives from top down to bottom up is so complicated that if MNC’s are to be involved, they may have to create ? exible subsidiaries free from the corporate structure, processes, culture, and assumptions. ITC has succeeded using that model and has done so at the grassroots level. Therefore, more research is needed to ? nd out under which circumstances MNC’s or other types of private company should lead the BOP initiative. This line of reasoning is consistent with D’Andrea et al. (2004) who, in the context of retailing in Latin America, suggest that smallscale independent supermarkets and traditional stores are more likely to reach emerging consumers than MNC’s. Likewise, NGOs have been critical in the development of the business model infrastructure in several successful cases of for-pro? t ? rms serving the BOP. For-pro? ts have created sustainability for the technology used (Chesbrough et al. , 2006); NGO’s, understand people’s needs. In addition, NGO’s are closer to people at the BOP, and are better prepared to educate them. For example, in Uganda, Africa, the NGO Infectious Disease Institute in Kampala collaborated with P? zer by educating people about the causes of AIDS, and how to prevent and combat it. This facilitated P? zer’s initiative to provide these people access to drugs that combat HIV/AIDS (Chesbrough et al. , 2006). Lastly, the public sector has an important role in developing the BOP proposition. The focus is changing from traditional governmental assistance delivery, to different ways of creating a sustainable environment for aiding the BOP. For example, Micro? nance Microloans are well known and originally seemed like the answer to self-suf? ciency. The concept that a poor consumer could gain a small loan and become a producer contributing to family income and independence is tantalizing. There is evidence that microloans have succeeded in aiding the bottom of the pyramid. There is also evidence that many of the would-be entrepreneurs failed to capitalize on such credit. They got deeper into debt (Karnani, 2007a). Some authors point out that the entrepreneurial skill that can lead to success is rare. Most individuals would rather have a guaranteed income rather than assume the risk that entrepreneurship entails. This adds to the argument that if businesses can create jobs and boost the poor’s income, then consumption will follow. Those businesses may not be able to obtain outside ? nancing. The BOP segments are not able to generate suf? cient pro? ts to justify a high cost of capital. To reduce the cost of capital, perhaps collaboration with funding sources like the World Bank or other NGO will be necessary. With ?nancial aid, companies trying for the BOP market may be able to succeed. The creation of buying power is one of the key elements that allow low-income segments to reach product and services. Formal commercial credit has been unavailable to this market and the cost of accessing and getting ? nancial services in the informal ? nancial market is enormous. Since the pioneering initiative of Grameen Bank, in the mid of the 1970’s, several ? nancial institutions have been very successful in offering ? nancial services to low-income people who were not traditionally served by the formal bank system. Programs for microcredit have characteristics that are speci? c and different from those of the traditional banking sectors. These differences include property and corporate governance of the institutions, characteristics of the consumers, the technology used to manage credit, and the characteristics of the product and service. The growth of the microcredit market has been heterogeneous across countries. For example, in Latin America, the micro? nance industry has had a signi? cant ? growth in countries like Peru, Bolivia and El Salvador but it is 398 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 the provision of funding and training to entrepreneurs is a way governments can support consumers and producers at the BOP. Another example is engineering supportive tax structures that promote private sector investment in BOP initiatives. distribution makes the poor poorer. Today, with escalating global fuel costs adding to the cost of transportation, the poor face an increasingly rigorous future. The lack of infrastructure serving rural areas also increases prices. For example, in Chile, consumer goods prices in the remote North and South of the country are 20-25 percent higher than the more highly populated central zone of Santiago and Valparaiso (Ferreira and Litch? eld, 1999). The idea of closeness in distribution channels for consumers at the BOP is very important. This means, for example, having stores that are both geographically close and affectively close. In other words, emotional proximity is also very important. A good example is Banco Estado, a stateowned commercial bank, which consumers consider the â€Å"closest† to the BOP segment. The reasons are its extensive distribution, its perception of being adaptive to people’s needs, its ? exibility, and its position as affectively close. In the context of retailing, D’Andrea et al. (2004) show that the development of personal relationships with the stores’ personnel has a positive effect on consumers’ self-esteem and well-being. Pricing for the bottom of the pyramid is, of course, also very critical. The challenge here is twofold. On the one hand, there is the issue of affordability: prices need to be affordable to BOP consumers. Ramaswamy and Schiphorst (2000) emonstrate the challenges in companies trying to serve the poor. In order to achieve affordability, they must reduce the costs of production and simplify the products. On the other hand, ? exibility in payments is also very important. Providing options of how and when low-income consumers can pay for their products and services constitutes both a challenge and a source of competitive advantage to private companies. To do this, private companies may need the assistance of commercial banks and NGOs as key partners. Some marketing theorists (Karnani, 2007b) view the BOP as a collection of producers rather than consumers. Therefore, innovative payment models, which allow BOP consumers to pay using a marketing exchange model would increase their ability to pay for the things they consume. The ? Nestle milk agricultural exchange model cited above comes to ? mind. In that model, Nestle actually paid farmers for their milk at attractive prices. They could use the money to buy seed at equally attractive prices. It is a small step to consider a more traditional barter system. As long as the barter system offered fair pricing it would present a win-win situation that would help sustain the arrangement. The marketing mix It is no surprise that serving different market segments may require different marketing mixes. Therefore, for-pro? t ? rms need to understand how the BOP segment differs from upper tiers, and adapt the marketing approach to meet the characteristics of these consumers. Since affordability is at the heart of serving the BOP, product modi? cation will help lower the price and improve affordability. The parallel strategy, reducing product size works in higher customer tiers but has limited usefulness at the lowest levels. In India, unit-use reduced size cachets of shampoo do promote consumption but are not the answer. The higher cost of packaging erodes pro? ts, and the resulting discarded packaging adds to pollution. The problem remains that the customer still has to allocate scarce income to the shampoo. One answer is to create a bare-bones product with fewer product features that the poor can afford. One example, Nirma detergent made in India, highlights a â€Å"poorer† product that is affordable. A single entrepreneur created Nirma to compete with Hindustan Lever’s market leading detergent, Surf. Surf gained market share because it is an excellent product. It has numerous additives that make it effective yet gentle to humans. Its cost was signi? cant. In fact, Nirma does not contain many of the ingredients and safeguards of its rival. It works but can cause blisters on the skin (Ahmad and Mead, 2004). Despite its harshness, the poor embraced it because they could afford it. The implication is that â€Å"research must also seek to adapt foreign solutions to local needs† (Prahalad and Hart, 2002). Evidence shows that consumers at the BOP care about branded products, because leading brands are a guarantee of product quality, which is particularly important to this segment because â€Å"the ? ancial loss from an underperforming product is greater for people with limited incomes† (D’Andrea et al. , 2004, p. 6). However, emerging consumers are not very loyal to speci? c brand names, although they do not experiment with unknown brands. In practice, they switch among a few known brands (D’Andrea et al. , 2004). D’Andrea and colleagues also argue that low-income consumers prefer products in small sizes, even if the perunit cost is higher, because of their income and space constraints. Moreover, too many varieties of products can harm emerging consumers’ purchasing experience. They may eel tempted to buy things they don’t need or can’t afford, which can produce a feeling of inferiority or frustration (D’Andrea et al. , 2004). Marketers also need to revisit distribution channels also to attend the BOP market effectively. Vachani and Smith’s (2008) recent work dealing with inclusive distribution has merit as a model for success. In essence, their examples infused a social action philosophy into a business model. One of their focal companies, ITC, demonstrated the vision necessary to discern pro? ts in the future and the determination to invest in a new distribution channel as a in-win proposition. Undoubtedly, the high cost of Conclusions and challenges for marketing theory and practice While the picture is not completely cle ar, the bottom of the pyramid may offer opportunities to create value for both the poor and companies. Early promises of a fortune seem to have been overstated. The degree of wealth present among the poor is much lower than ? rst reported. In addition, that wealth is too fragmented to be tapped under the current business models. It now appears that the basic concept overestimates the role that BOP consumers can play in contributing to company pro? ts. There is still no agreement in the literature about how bene? cial selling to the BOP can be for private companies, or for alleviating poverty. However, there are several elements of the BOP proposition that have been identi? ed as critical to 399 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 succeed. First, an accurate characterization of the low-income sector – both as consumers and as producers – is required to understand their needs, perceptions, and behavior, which in urn will help companies to design a better business approach. Second, it is important to recognize that serving the BOP market requires a different business model, one incorporating access to microcredit, the establishment of alliances of collaboration among different types of institutions, and the adaptation of the marketing mix. â€Å"Until companies be tter understand the needs of emerging consumers and adapt their business models to serve them more ef? ciently and effectively, their growth will be limited† (D’Andrea et al. , 2004, p. 3). It is well known that BOP markets involve managing ubstantial challenges in technical and economic infrastructure, education, ? nancial resources, and cultural differences. As participants from the economic sectors progress, a number of questions need to be addressed. Gardetti (2005) articulated them clearly. They include: â€Å"How can a company turn its strategy at the BOP into a competitive advantage? What kind of business model will work? How can it build trust in the informal economy? What kind of education do business schools need? How does new technology integrate? How can we develop the educational/ social infrastructure? Moreover, from the viewpoint of egulatory and policy formulation, if entering the markets at the base of the pyramid is a sound choice for both development and business, what does it take to turn this into a reality? † Scholarly research, as well as practitioners’ participation in BOP initiatives, can provide some answers to clarify the true nature and scope of the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. example in India showed its value in distribution and in customer relationship management. It will be equally valuable in research, product development, pricing, and promotion. Fourth, pricing is of paramount importance in serving the oor. In a for-pro? t enterprise, consumers must pay for the cost of serving them. Microcredit is one potential solution. It may be a limited solution, useful only to consumers with the skills necessary to manage it. However, innovative exchange models may offer even those without ? nancial management skills a chance to improve their condition. Fifth, given the economies of the BOP, it is likely that if pro? ts come, they will come later rather than sooner. Organizations need to choose a long-t erm involvement in order to avoid disappointment and a ? nancially ruinous midterm decision to exit. Finally, marketers should understand that some products are simply not suited for the poorest of the poor. Some products of dubious value to this segment, like Armani handbags, or even cheap counterfeits, will have no place at the BOP. More importantly, some products and services related to health care will always be simply too expensive. Altruistic surgeons may care for uniquely disadvantaged patients by donating their time but they are only one part of a surgical team. Even if the hospital and every member of the team donate facilities, their time, and the resources to save a atient, that model is not sustainable as a for-pro? t venture. Similarly, the cost of a ten-day supply of a life-saving antibiotic cannot be reduced realistically using the â€Å"smaller package size† option. The implication would be either reduced daily doses or fewer full strength doses. Both are likely to breed drug resistant organisms and thereby threaten the life of the patient and society. To reme dy this situation, other players like governments and NGO’s will be important. Many marketers must realize that collaborating with them is important. To be effective, the collaboration must be proactive. Marketers wishing to serve the BOP, who recognize the importance of alliances with others, should seek out relationships with both government and NGO’s. Early and persistent outreach will be valuable in alerting all of the players to each other’s strengths and in creating an accurate picture of the challenges. Politically, coalitions of organizations with different fundamental objectives are prone to misunderstanding. Often their terminology is similar but the meaning is different. Alternatively, their objectives may be so totally different that they are fundamentally foreign to one another. If the goal is poverty eradication at a pro? t, all the players must collaborate. The goal may be so dif? cult and achieving effective teamwork is essential. Implications for marketers In general, if pro? t-seeking companies plan to serve the BOP, numerous factors will have to change. First, marketers will have to approach the BOP in a novel manner different from any they used in their prior successes. The BOP is mostly unknown territory. They may have to reinvent themselves or create divisions with substantial independence. If the old segmentation rules that worked at the TOP no longer apply, either will the product development, sales, pricing, distribution policies, and management. In addition, the pro? t objectives and revenue goals will have to be changed. Those who are not prepared to address the sea change in marketing approach should avoid entering this market. Second, simply modifying products and selling them is a path to failure. Success will depend on knowing the BOP intim ately. Currently the BOP is terra incognita in terms of segments and their needs. To succeed, marketers must be able to differentiate different income segments and their value. Within the various BOP de? itions, there are three apparent segments, â€Å"under $2 per day†, â€Å"$4 per day†, and â€Å"$6 per day†. The needs and incomes of the segments seem to differ enough to indicate that they be treated differently. Marketers need to know which ones to serve and how to serve those successfully. Third, in order to understand the voice of the BOP consumer, companies need grass roots sources of intelligence. Collaborating effectively with agents â€Å"on the ground† who have direct contact with relevant BOP segments is vital. Moreover, companies must train those agents to seek ? information that will help serve those customers. The Nestle References Ahmad, P. S. and Mead, J. (2004), Hindustan Lever Limited and Project Sting , Darden Business Publishing, Charlottesville, VA. Chen, S. and Ravaillon, M. (2007), â€Å"Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981-2004†, Policy Research Working Paper 4211, World Bank, April. Chesbrough, H. , Ahern, S. , Finn, M. and Guerraz, S. (2006), â€Å"Business models for technology in the developing world: the role of non-governmental organizations†, California Management Review, Vol. 48 No. 3, Spring, pp. 47-62. 400 The quest for the fortune at the bottom of the pyramid Journal of Consumer Marketing Dennis A. Pitta, Rodrigo Guesalaga and Pablo Marshall Volume 25  · Number 7  · 2008  · 393 –401 D’Andrea, G. , Stengel, E. A. and Goebel-Krstelj, A. (2004), â€Å"Six truths about emerging-market consumers†, Strategy and Business, Vol. 34, pp. 2-12. (The) Economist (2004), 13 March, p. 84. Ferreira, F. G. H. and Litch? eld, J. A. (1999), â€Å"Calm after the storms: income distribution in Chile, 1987-1994†, World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 509-38. Gardetti, M. A. (2005), â€Å"A base of the pyramid approach in Argentina†, Greener Management International, Vol. 51, pp. 65-77. Hammond, A. L. , Krammer, W. J. , Katz, R. S. , Tran, J. T. and Walker, C. (2007), The Next 4 Billion. Market Size and Business Strategy at the Base of the Pyramid, World Resource Institute, International Finance Corporation. Harjula, L. (2005), â€Å"Tensions between venture capitalists’ and business-social entrepreneurs’ goals: will bottom-of-the pyramid strategies offer a solution? †, Greener Management International, Vol. 51, pp. 79-87. Hart, S. L. (2005), Inclusive Capitalism: The Unlimited Business Opportunities in Solving the World’s Most Dif? cult Problems, Wharton School Publishing, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Karnani, A. 2007a), â€Å"The mirage of marketing to the bottom of the pyramid: how the private sector can help alleviate poverty†, California Management Review, Summer, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 90-111. Karnani, A. (2007b), â€Å"Misfortune at the bottom of the pyramid†, Greener Management International, pp. 99-110. Martinez, J. L. and Carbonell, M. (2007), â€Å"V alue at the bottom of the pyramid†, Business Strategy Review, Autumn, pp. 50-5. McFalls, R. (2007), â€Å"Testing the limits of ‘inclusive capitalism’: a case study of the South Africa HP iCommunity†, The Journal of Corporate Citizenship, Vol. 28, Summer, pp. 85-98. Pitta, D. A. and Franzak, F. 1997), â€Å"Boundary spanning product development in consumer markets: learning organization insights†, Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 235-49. Prahalad, C. K. (2004), The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty through Pro? ts, Wharton School Publishing, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prahalad, C. K. and Hammond, A. (2002), â€Å"Serving the world’s poor pro? tably†, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80 No. 9, pp. 48-57. Prahalad, C. K. and Hart, S. L. (2002), â€Å"The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid†, Strategy and Business, Vol. 26, January, pp. 54-67. Ramaswamy, E. A. and Schiphorst, F. B. (2000), â€Å"Human resource management, trade unions and empowerment: two cases from India†, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 11 No. 4, pp. 664-80. Seelos, C. and Mair, J. (2007), â€Å"Pro? table business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: a strategic view†, Academy of Management Perspectives, November, pp. 49-63. Vachani, S. and Smith, N. C. (2008), â€Å"Socially responsible distribution: distribution strategies for reaching the bottom of the pyramid†, California Management Review, Vol. 50 No. 2, Winter, pp. 52-84. Westley (2007), Commercial Banks in Micro? nance: Best Practices and Guidelines for Project Design, Monitoring, and Evaluation, IADB, MSM – 138. Zeithaml, V. A. , Rust, R. T. and Lemon, K. (2001), â€Å"The customer pyramid: creating and serving pro? table customers†, California Management Review, Vol. 43 No. 4, Summer, pp. 118-34. Further reading Anderson, S. N. (1994), â€Å"Unions/management create collaborative culture†, Communication World, Vol. 4 No. 1. Corresponding author Dennis A. Pitta can be contacted at: dpitta@ubalt. edu To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: reprints@emeraldinsight. com Or visit our web site for further details: www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints 401 How to cite Bottom of the Pyramid, Essay examples